• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2008

본 연구는 오대산국립공원 월정사 일주문에서 금강교 사이에 분포하는 전나무 숲의 식생구조를 파악하기 위하여 진행되었다. 대상지내 흉고직경(DBH) 20cm이상 전나무는 총 977주이었으며, 2006년 조사당시 생육이 불량하거나 고사한 수목은 96주로 전체의 9.8%이었다. 전나무 수령은 $41\sim135$년(DBH $11\sim82cm$)이었으며, DBH 100cm이상 대경목은 8주이었고 가장 큰 전나무는 DBH 175cm, 수고 31m이었다. 전나무 밀도는 $400m^2(20\times20m)$당 6.1개체이었으며, DBH $20\sim70cm$까지의 개체가 $400m^2$당 5.1개체로 가장 많았다. TWINSPAN을 이용하여 식물군집구조를 분석한 결과 4개의 군집으로 분류되었고 소나무전나무군집은 전나무군집으로 변화가 예상되었으며 나머지 3개 군집은 전나무 군집으로써 피나무, 고로쇠나무 등 낙엽활엽수와의 경쟁이 예상되었다. 오대산국립공원 월정사 주변 전나무 숲은 지속 가능한 문화경관관광자원으로서 가치가 높기 때문에 보전 및 관리를 위해 전체 전나무 중 생육불량 수목과 고사목 발생 원인을 규명하고 대책을 마련해야 할 것이다 또한 전나무 숲 내 아교목층 또는 관목층에 출현하는 피나무, 고로쇠나무 등 낙엽활엽수는 전나무와 지속적으로 경쟁할 가능성이 높으므로 제거 등의 적극적 관리를 해야 하며, 발아 후 초기 생장이 매우 느려 주변 수목에 의한 피압 우려가 있는 전나무 치수는 지속적인 관리가 필요하다.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.23-45
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 해외 지식재산권 분쟁현황을 분석하고 그 대응방안을 제시하는데 있다. 특허 분쟁(국내/국외)은 2006년 7월말 현재 청구건수 기준으로 2,044건이 보고되고 있다. 이 중 외국 기업과의 특허분쟁(2000-2006)은 전기전자 분야 47건, 화학약품분야 9건, 기계분야 2건 등 58건으로 나타나고 있다. 본 연구는 주요 국제 특허분쟁 사례, 즉 우리나라의 기업체가 외국기업체를 상대로 특허침해 소송을 제기하였거나 소송을 제기 당한 사례를 전기.전자 분야 47건 중 27건, 화학약품분야 9건 중 5건, 기계분야 2건 등 34건을 기술 분야별로 정리하였다. 이들 사례의 공통점은 대개 거액을 지불하고 분쟁을 타결한 경우로서 지식재산권 관리의 중요성과 분쟁 시 정부나 기업이 적절한 대응을 하여야 함을 시사하고 있다. 우리나라가 해외 지식재산권 분쟁에 대응할 수 있는 방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정부의 대응방향이다. 특허권 침해물품의 국경조치 강화, 해외지식재산권보호센터 기능의 강화 등을 수행하여야 한다. 둘째, 기업의 대응방향이다. 지식재산중시 경영(no patent no future), 강한 특허권 창출 및 전략적 분쟁 대응, 특허 풀(patent pool) 형성 및 표준화에 적극 참여, 기술이전 및 라이센스 계약 관리의 전문화 등을 기하여야 한다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.21-41
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• 2002

This study is designed to offer basic materials necessary for the instruction of effective clinical practices and the establishment of relationship with patients by means of making an analysis of the characteristics of patients affecting the behavior of students majoring in dental hygiene avoiding patients and countermeasures. With this in mind, the researcher worked with sophomores and juniors exposed to clinical practices during the period ranging from October 22, 2001 to November 9, 2001. The researcher came to the following conclusions on the basis of the findings of this survey. 1. The characteristics of patients influencing the behavior of avoiding them were categorized into appearance characteristics, personality characteristics, treatment-cooperative characteristics, and speech and behavior characteristics. Speech and behavior characteristics(4.26) turned out to be the most influential factor of all, which was followed by treatment-cooperative characteristics(3.68), personality characteristics(3.62) and appearance characteristics(3.42) in the right order. 2. The survey shows that foul breath and obnoxious oral(3.94) cavity were the worst factors of appearance characteristics and that using abusive language and being too aggressive(4.41) were the worst factors of personality characteristics. The study reveals that not putting faith in trainees(4.02) was the highest factor of treatment-cooperative characteristics and that using abusive language(4.50) was the highest factor of speech and behavior characteristics. 3. There was a significant positive relation between the domains of the characteristics of avoiding patients. The study indicates that the more subjects avoided the characteristics of patients, the more they avoided appearance characteristics(r =.444, p<.001) and that the more subjects avoided treatment-cooperative characteristics, the more they avoided appearance characteristics(r=.324, P<.001) and personality characteristics(r=.691, p<.001), and that the more they avoided speech and behavior characteristics, the more they avoided appearance characteristics(r=.265, p<.001) and personality characteristics (r=.531, p<.001). 4. The study shows that there was a significant difference between appearance characteristics and the growth areas of the subjects(p<.05) and that there was a significant difference between the satisfaction of clinical practices(p<.05) and health status(p<.05) in terms of personality characteristics. 5. The subjects avoided preschoolers, whose age ranged from 4 to 6(33.5%), most and avoided boys(71.4%) more than girls. They avoided those who were bereft of jobs(62.9%). And they avoided handicapped persons most in terms of special patients and avoided infant patients(31.0%). 6. The subjects turned out to have negative and passive countermeasures against those patients that had ever been avoided. So the researcher would like to suggest that theoretic education and training programs should be conducted in this respect by incorporating this mailer into the hygiene curriculum.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권13호
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• pp.45-65
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• 2008

한국과 중국의 애니메이션 산업은 외국 애니메이션 하청제작 중심의 제작 기반 산업에서 창작 기반 산업으로의 전환을 추진해왔다. 유사한 성격의 산업적 배경과 역량을 보유하고, 수년 동안 정부의 적극적 산업 진흥정책을 거쳐 온 한국과 중국의 애니메이션 산업의 위상은 2008년 현재 시점에서 볼 때 확연한 차이를 나타내고 있다. 중국 창작 애니메이션 생산량은 2004년 이후 매년 2배씩 성장하면서 중국을 세계적 규모의 창작 애니메이션 생산국으로 올려놓았으며, 중국 창작 애니메이션 시청자가 6억 명을 넘어서는 등 내수시장 기반도 확고해지고 있다. 이에 반해, 한국의 창작 애니메이션 생산은 중국의 20% 수준에서 정체상태를 보이고 있고, 국산 애니메이션 방송편성 차별로 인해 내수시장 기반을 상실하였다. 중국 정부는, 우선적으로 방송정책을 통한 애니메이션 방송 유통 시스템 확립과, 수입 애니메이션 배제를 통해 국내 수요 기반 확립에 주력하였고, 동만 기지 설립을 통한 생산기반 확보, 그리고 정부부처 간 유기적인 협조체계를 구축함으로써 단기간에 중국 애니메이션 산업발전을 이룩하였다. 이에 비해 한국 정부는, 애니메이션의 유통, 수요기반 확립보다는 창작 애니메이션 개발 지원에 정책적 자원을 집중하였고, 효과적인 산업정책을 위해 반드시 필요했던 정부 부처 간 협조체계 구축에도 실패하였다. 이는, 한국의 산업기반 확립을 도외시한 '생산자 마인드' 정책, 그리고 그 원인이기도 한 정부 부처 간 유기적인 협조체계의 부재에 따른 것으로 문화콘텐츠 산업정책에 공통적으로 발견되는 한국 정부의 정책적 오류이다. 2008년, 정부가 1조 5천억원의 콘텐츠진흥기금 조성, 콘텐츠산업기본법, 콘텐츠진흥위원회 설립 등 세계 5개 콘텐츠 강국 도약을 위한 산업진흥의 기치를 높이 든 시점에서, 과거 문화콘텐츠 산업정책의 오류를 객관적으로 파악하고, 이를 시정하는 작업은 한국 문화콘텐츠 산업발전을 위해 반드시 필요한 일일 것이다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2013

국내 전력시장은 포화상태로 해외시장 개척을 통해 국내 전력산업의 한계를 극복하기 위한 방안을 모색하려 한다. 해외 전력시장에서 우리나라의 전력산업이 경쟁력을 갖추고 지속적인 성장을 추구하기 위해서 해외시장에 적극적인 투자를 추진하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 여러 전력산업에서 가장 대표적인 화력발전 중 석탄화력발전의 해외수출이 국내 경제에 미치는 파급효과를 분석하고자 한다. 특히 경제적 파급효과로 생산유발효과, 부가가치 유발효과, 취업유발효과의 3가지를 분석하되, 수요유도형 모형을 적용한 분석 결과를 제시한다. 한국은행 산업연관표 통합소분류 기준 168부문 중에서 17개부문을 석탄화력발전 관련 부문이라 정의한 후, 석탄화력발전 관련 산업을 중심에 놓고 이를 외생화하여 분석한다. 과거 석탄화력발전 수출 사례를 적용하여 석탄화력발전 해외수출의 경제적 파급효과를 분석한다. 석탄화력발전 해외수출의 생산유발효과, 부가가치 유발효과, 취업유발효과는 각각 28,525억원, 9,725억원, 14,761명으로 분석되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1638-1652
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• 2000

Prolific females require better nutrition and feeding practice because of larger litter size and the substantial decline in body fat. Life-time pig output will be compromised if body protein and fat are not properly managed. First litter females are especially vulnerable because they can loose ${\geq}15%$ of whole-body protein. Conservation of body protein mass during first lactation minimizes wean to estrus interval and increases second litter size (up to 1.2 pigs). The ability to influence litter-size by amino acid nutrition is a new dimension in our understanding. A P2 fat depth below 12 mm at farrow and below 10 mm at wean compromised wean to estrus interval (>2 d) and next litter size (0.5 to 1.5 pigs) in sows. It is now clear that a 'modest' excess of feed during the first 72 h of pregnancy decreases embryo viability so that the potential for an increased litter size at birth is not realized. The capacity for milk production by prolific young sows is 25% higher than the standard used previously (NRC, 1988). First litter females averaged 9.82 kg milk/d for a 21 d lactation. Second and third litter counterparts averaged 10.35 kg/d. Milk production was 95% of peak by 10 d of lactation and sows were in greatest negative energy and lysine balance during the first 6 d. Nearly 45% of the total loss in body protein occurred within the first 6 d, but this could reduced to 30-35% by using a more aggressive feeding strategy after parturition. There appear to be 2 phases in lactation for lysine need (d 2-12 vs 12-21). Feeding to the higher level alleviates the second litter size decline. The lysine requirement for lactation can be predicted with accuracy, but we are not able to predict the second limiting amino acid. Mammary uptake of valine relative to lysine and recent work with practical diets suggest that the recent NRC (1998) pattern is realistic and that threonine and valine could be co-limiting for corn-soy diets for prolific sows nursing 10-11 pigs. Empirical studies are needed to refine the ideal pattern so that synthetic lysine can be used with more confidence. Milk fat output for the elite sow is extraordinary and poses an unnecessarily high energetic cost. Methods that reduce mammary fat synthesis will benefit the sow and may enhance piglet growth.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.3207-3210
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• 2014

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of locally advanced breast cancer characterized by rapidly progressive breast erythema, pain and tenderness, oedema and paeu d'orange appearance. It accounts for 1-3% of all newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer in the west. Data on IBC from India are lacking. The aim of our study was to assess the clinical-pathological parameters and outcome of IBC at, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, a large tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: We screened 3,650 breast cancer cases registered from January 2004 to December 2012 and found 41 cases of IBC. Data included demographics as well as clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics, and were collected from clinical case records using the International Classification of Diseases code (C-50). Patients who presented with IBC as a recurrence, or who had a neglected and advanced breast cancer that simulated an IBC were excluded from this study. Results: The median age was 45 years (range 23-66). The median duration of symptoms was 5 months. The American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (AJCC) distribution was Stage III - 26 and IV - 15 patients. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) positivity and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) positivity were 50%, 46% and 60%, respectively. Triple negativity was found in 15% of the cases. All the non metastatic IBC patients received anthracycline and/ or taxane based chemotherapy followed by modified radical mastectomy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy as indicated. Pathological complete remission rate was 15%. At a median follow-up of 30 months, the 3 year relapse free survival and overall survival were 30% and 40%respectively. Conclusion: IBC constituted 1.1% of all breast cancer patients at our centre. One third of these had metastatic disease at presentation. Hormone positivity and Her2 neu positivity were found in 50% and 60% of the cases, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10577-10583
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• 2015

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by the lack of expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, is typically associated with a poor prognosis. The majority of TNBCs show the expression of basal markers on gene expression profiling and most authors accept TNBC as basal-like (BL) breast cancer. However, a smaller fraction lacks a BL phenotype despite being TNBC. The literature is silent on non-basal-like (NBL) type of TNBC. The present study was aimed at defining behavioral differences between BL and NBL phenotypes. Objectives: i) Identify the TNBCs and categorize them into BL and NBL breast cancer. ii) Examine the behavioral differences between two subtypes. iii) Observe the pattern of treatment failure among TNBCs. Materials and Methods: All TNBC cases during January 2009-December 2010 were retrieved. The subjects fitting the inclusion criteria of study were differentiated into BL and NBL phenotypes using surrogate immunohistochemistry with three basal markers $34{\beta}E12$, c-Kit and EGFR as per the algorithm defined by Nielsen et al. The detailed data of subjects were collated from clinical records. The comparison of clinicopathological features between two subgroups was done using statistical analyses. The pattern of treatment failure along with its association with prognostic factors was assessed. Results: TNBC constituted 18% of breast cancer cases considered in the study. The BL and NBL subtypes accounted for 81% and 19% respectively of the TNBC group. No statistically significant association was seen between prognostic parameters and two phenotypes. Among patients with treatment failure, 19% were with BL and 15% were with NBL phenotype. The mean disease free survival (DFS) in groups BL and NBL was 30.0 and 37.9 months respectively, while mean overall survival (OS) was 31.93 and 38.5 months respectively. Treatment failure was significantly associated with stage (p=.023) among prognostic factors. Conclusions: Disease stage at presentation is an important prognostic factor influencing the treatment failure and survival among TNBCs. Increasing tumor size is related to lymph node positivity. BL tumors have a more aggressive clinical course than that of NBL as shown by shorter DFS and OS, despite having no statistically significant difference between prognostic parameters. New therapeutic alternatives should be explored for patients with this subtype of breast cancer.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.387-407
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• 2005

This paper is to study globalization motives and strategies of Japanese and Korean industries by analyzing the causes and patterns of foreign direct investment (FDI) of the firms of the two countries during the 1980s and 1990s. First we develop a FDI function from the profit maximizing model of firms. Then we use regression analysis to determine internally driving-out factors and externally-inducing factors. Japanese FDI strategy has gone through three different stages; from natural resource-seeking investment in the 1950s and 1960s to market-expansion investment in the 1970s and 1980s and to a combination of cost-reducing (low-cost labor-seeking) investment and market-penetrating investment in the 1990s. On the other hand, Korean FDI behavior has gone through four different stages; from the learning stage with small investments in the 1970s, to natural resource-seeking investment in the early and mid 1980s, to the growth stage in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, to the maturity stage of the mid and late 1990s. The last two stages were characterized by a combination of cost-reducing investment and market-seeking investment. As a late comer, Korea began its FDI two decades later than Japan, but caught up the patterns of Japanese FDI by the mid 1990s and is in a competing position with Japan. Our findings show that both Japanese FDI and Korean FDI in Asia and other developing countries tendto be in labor-intensive sectors where their firms are losing their comparative advantages at home. The main motive for FDI into these regions is low-cost resource seeking. On the other hand, both Japanese FDI and Korean FDI in the U.S. and Europe tend to be knowledge-intensive sectors where Japanese and Korean firms attempt to internalize transaction and information costs by globalizing its production. The main motive for FDI into these regions is market-seeking. Firms in both countries have increased their investments in Mexico and Western and Eastern Europe in order to penetrate large economic blocs such as the EU and NAFTA area. Korean firms are more aggressive in expanding into new and untested markets than are their counterpart in Japan. Evidence of this can be seen in the scarcity of Japanese FDI and abundance of Korean FDI in Eastern Europe and China.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.29-39
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• 1989

화골섬유종은 비교적 천천히 증식하는 종양으로 발견전 몇년간은 나타나지 않는다. 악골에서 화골섬유종의 잘 경계되어진 성질은 완전한 제거가 용이하여 이로인한 치료결과도 양호하다. 그러나 때때로 유년기 하악에서 이 종양의 골격적 양상을 볼 수 있다. 그러한 경우 종양의 침윤적인 성장 때문에 건강한 조직을 포함한 절제가 적용된다. 본 증례의 환자는 34세의 여성으로 약 두달전 우측 안모의 점진적인 팽윤을 인지하였으며 상악우측 구치부의 간헐적인 동통을 호소하였고 종물은 상악결절부위 및 우측 상악동의 전측방벽까지 팽윤되어 있었다. 방사선적 조사에서 우측 상악동의 후측방벽과 전방벽 그리고 우측 치조돌기와 경구개 까지의 파괴와 함께 다수의 치밀한 구형의 석회화물질을 함유한 종물이 관찰되었다. 종물은 최근의 빠른 침윤성 성장을 고려하여 부분적 상악골 절제술로 제거되었으며 6개월간 술후검사에서 환자는 특이한 술후 이상을 보이지 않았다.