• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.159-162
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to set up systematically housing adaptation items for the aged family. Housing adaptation items are classified by universal design principles. Also, this paper suggest to basic data for setting up various ranges according to each elderly people's conditions, adapting for elderly housing. Recently, in relation to the growing awareness of the ageing population, the necessity of policies for "aging in place" was emphasized by government. This paper is focused on the policy of elderly housings' adaptation for making housing for a lifetime. This new adaptation items for the elderly housing lead to the revitalization of policy ensuring housing in stock at the local authority level. In this paper, adaptation items were created after analyzing indices highlighted by previous studies related to evaluation items, design-guidelines for safety plans, designing elderly housing. The scope of adaptation items was limited to the indoor spaces of apartment due to the considerable increase of in-house accidents. To sum up, this study is aimed to set up adaptation items and then, to present the basic scheme for several users offering various ranges

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.5-12
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• 2017

Purpose: Under the purpose of presenting the adequate remodeling period for the improvement of thermal insulation performance of external walls in deteriorated buildings, the change in external wall and residential environment problem(dew condensation) due to aged deterioration after the apartments were constructed in Korea were analyzed. Method: Temperature Difference Ratio Outside(TDRo) and Heat Flow Meter(HFM) were used as measurement methods to evaluate the thermal insulation performance of deteriorated buildings. For TDR evaluation, thermo-graphic camera was used to measure and analyze the surface temperature of external wall. Also, dew condensation evaluation was analyzed using the Temperature Difference Ratio Inside(TDRi). Result: As a result of analyzing thermal performance through TDRo, the first decline point of thermal insulation performance began after 14-16 years have passed since construction was completed, and after 20 years have passed the decline point of thermal insulation performance reappeared. As a result of analyzing U-value with HFM measurement method, the decline rate of external wall's thermal insulation performance is lower than 2% in average at around 5 years after completion, and 8.7% in average at 10-15 years, and over 10.2% in average at 20 years.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.27-37
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• 2015

Objectives: As the increasing of the length of the lifespan, more recent policy interest are concerned with how many years of life are lived without functional disability or activity limitation. We investigated the relationship between deprivation and activity limitation at the 251 local authority level. Methods: The data were derived from the 2010 Census 10% sample data. Crude and age-standardized activity limitation rates by gender at the ages of 50 or over and deprivation index were calculated. Mapping and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to explore relationship between area activity limitation and area deprivation. Results: There were considerable differences in activity limitation rate across the 251 local authorities. Age-standardized activity limitation rate in both male and female were strongly associated with the level of area deprivation. Especially, low social class, male unemployment, or non-apartment residents at the local level were strong positive association with local authorities' age-standardized activity limitation. Conclusion: More policy attention is needed for tackling regional inequality in activity limitation among older adults.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.95-104
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• 2016

The purpose of this research is to compare housing wealth effects of home-owning single income couples (SIC) and dual income couples (DIC) on their non-durable consumption and to assess the effects by location, age groups, housing structure type, debt-to-asset ratio and employment status. Using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) of 2014, this empirical study identified 1,198 SIC households and 1,044 DIC households, and employed multiple regression analysis. The main results reveal that the difference of financial portfolios between SIC and DIC households was little but housing wealth effects were stronger among SIC households than DIC counterpart. It's evident that housing wealth effects were conspicuous for SIC and DIC households who were headed by wage earners aged over 40s, and resided in apartment outside the Seoul Metropolitan Area. However, household debt became a determinant in contradicting housing wealth effects of SIC and DIC households. While the household financial dimension was in proportion to income, DIC households didn't gain much financial security due to increasing expenditure. Further, this research imply that liquidity constraints explicitly posed a more serious threat to SIC households whose dependence on housing asset is larger than their counterpart.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences housing needs between Korean and Japanese employed wives. Subjects consisted of 90 Korean employed and 141 Japanese employed wives who have children aged between 0-12 years old. The subjects were surveyed with a questionnaire specifically developed for this study to evaluate the housing needs of this growing segment of population. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The results of descriptive statistics, x$^2$-test, multiple linear regressions are presented. The findings were as follows: 1) Korean employed wives depend on grandparents and relatives in their child-care and housework when the wives were out. On the contrary, Japanese employed wives put much more values on aid of their husband and community facilities fur child-care and housework. 2) The housing community needs showed significant differences. Korean employed wives wanted to provide a better physical environment for child-care and education of children more than Japanese employed wives. But Japanese employed wives needed more convenient community facilities that could be socialized housework than Korean employed wives. 3) Korean employed wives wanted gathered apartment house, and Japanese employed wives wanted row house. In comparison of working space needs in individual house, Korean employed wives wanted dining kitchen filled with many kinds of electric appliance including laundry space more, Japanese employed wives wanted LDK type which they have family interaction more and to depart laundry space from kitchen.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.22-33
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• 2003

I recognized necessity of the space planning to three-generation dwelling because of preservation of wholesome society sense of values of the younger generation indicated often to the point at issue by the change to nuclear family of present and by way to hand down thought of respect for the aged which is our traditional public morals. I wish to present basic data for storage space planning that resident's request and consciousness are reflected in such background. I investigated records in general concept, which is utilization pattern of storage space to achieve the function of these culture intermediation. The object of research is three-generation dwelling, such as 3L-K and 3L-DK as national residences that appear most generally in chongju city. The method of research was question investigation method to write utilization actual conditions and requirement of storage space directly. So I proposed suitable planning to resident's life style analyzing frequency, percentage and average distribution. When supply apartment house hereafter, it should be reflected wide selection by resident's characteristic and needed systematic storage space planning in consideration of user mainly. Also continuous and diversified researches that can improve quality of residence are required.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.11-30
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• 2014

Objective : To compare the differences in health behaviors by chronic diseases of middle-aged living in Seoul's low-income housing Method : Of the 1469 residents aged 35 to 60 living in low-income housing in Seoul's District A, 318 were equal probability of selection method selected. t-test, ANOVA, $x^2$, OR(95% CI, P-value) were selected to analyze the data, and the confidence interval was 5%. Results : There were no significant differences in all health behaviors by vascular and metabolic, But there was a statistically significant difference for gastrointestinal diseases caused by sleep hours(p=0.001), liver diseases caused by smoking, drinking and sleep hours(p=0.004, p=0.001, and p=0.033, respectively), musculoskeletal diseases caused by sleep hours and health exam(p=0.0000 and p=0.002, respectively). Also, statistically significant differences were found for tumors caused by sleep hours(p=0.004), depression by the sleep hours and health exam(p=0.001 and p=0.013, respectively), allergies by in sleep hours(p=0.004), thyroid diseases by smoking and health exam(p=0.013 and p=0.007, respectively). After adjusting for the confounding factors for diseases, OR was obtained for each health behavior. There were no statistically significant differences in all health behaviors for vascular, metabolic, and tumors. However, the OR for gastrointestinal diseases 4.10(1.63-10.36, 0.0028) and 2.96(1.05-8.41, 0.0041) at 5-7 and 7-9 sleep hours. The OR for liver diseases was 3.13(1.03-9.48, 0.0437) at 7-9 sleep hours, the OR values for musculoskeletal diseases were 2.91(1.23-6.88, 0.00149), and 4.46(1.68-11.86, 0.0027) at 5-7 and 7-9 sleep hours. OR for depression were 4.82(1.70-13.66, 0.0031) and 4.13(1.19-14.31, 0.0026) at 5-7 and 7-9 sleep hours. OR for allergy were 2.78(1.22-6.32, 0.0015) and 3.93(1.49-10.39, 0.0058) at 5-7 and 7-9 sleep hours. There were statistical significances for liver diseases for 1-2 times of health exam at 0.35(0.14-0.90, 0.00301), for liver diseases for 1-2 times of health exam at 0.35(0.14-0.90, 0.00301), for musculoskeletal diseases for 3-4 times of health exam at 0.26(0.09-0.79, 0.0175), for depression for 3-4 times of health exam at 0.17(0.04-0.66, 0.0106), for allergies for 1-2 times of health exam at 0.30(0.13-0.70, 0.0055), and for thyroid diseases for 1-2 times and annually of health exam at 0.07(0.01-0.60, 0.00154), 0.09(0.01-0.96, 0.0461). We known significant difference the health behaviors by the diseases. especially in sleep hours and health exam times Conclusion : Only sleep hours and health exam caused statistically significant differences in chronic diseases. but the sleep hours was postitively correlated with the risk of disease, while health exam were inversely related.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.68-92
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• 1995

Recentry the structure of the retail trade have been chanaed with its environmantal changes. Some studies may be necessary on the changing process of environment and fundamental structure analyses of the retail trade. This study analyzes the location of retail trades, inhabitants' behavior in retail tredes and their desirable utilization scheme of them in Kwangju-si. Some study methods, contents and coming-out results are as follows: 1. Retail trades can be classified into independent stores, chain-stores (supermarket, voluntary chain and frenchiise system and convenience store), department stores, cooperative associations, traditional, markets mail-order marketing, automatic vending and others by service levels, selling-items, prices, managements, methods of retailing and store or nonstore type. 2. In Kwangju, the environment of retail trades is related to the consumers of population structure: chanes in consumers pattern, trends toward agings and nuclear family, increase of leisur: time and female advances to society. Rapid structural shift in retail trade has also been occurred due to these social changes. Traditionl and premodern markets until 1970s altere to supermarkets or department stores in 1980s, and various types, large enterprises and foreign capitals came into being in 1990s. 3. The locational characteristics of retail trades are resulted from the spatial analysis of the total population distribution, and from the calculation of segregation index in the light of potential demand. The densely-populated areas occurs in newly-built apartment housing complex which is distributed with a ring-shaped pattern around the old urban core. The numbers and rates of the aged over sixty in Kwangsan-gu and the circumference area of Mt.Moodeung, are larger and higher where rural elements are remarkable. A relation between population distribution and retail trade are analysed by the index of population per shop. The index of the population number per shop is lower in urban center, as a whole, being more convenient for consumers. In newly-formed apartment complex areas, on the other, the index more than 1,000 per shop, meeting not the demands for consumers. Because both the younger and the aged are numerous in these areas, the retail trade pattern pertinent to both are needed. Urban fringes including Kwangsan-gu and the vicinity of Mt.Moodeung have some problems owing to the most of population number per shop (more than 1, 500) and the most extensive as well. 4. The regional characteristic of retail trade is analyzed through the location quotient of shops by locational patterns and centerality index. Chungkum-dong is the highest-order central place in CBD. It is the core of retail trades, which has higher-ordered specialty store including three big department stores, supermarkets and large stores. Taegum-dong, Chungsu-dong, Taeui-dong, and Numun-dong that are neiahbored to Chungkum-dong fall on the second group. They have a central commercial section where large chain stores, specialty shopping streets, narrow-line retailing shops (furniture, amusement service, and gallary), supermarkets and daily markets are located. The third group is formed on the axis of state roads linking to Naju-kun, Changseong-kun, Tamyang-kun, Hwasun-kun and forme-Songjeong-eup. It is related to newly, rising apartment housing complex along a trunk road, and characterized by markets and specialty stores. The fourth group has neibourhood-shopping centers including older residential area and Songjeong-eup area with independent stores and supermarkets as main retailing functions. The last group contains inner residential area and outer part of a city including Songjeong-eup. Outer part of miscellaneous shops being occasionally found is rural rather than urban (Fig. 7). 5. The residents' behaviors using retail trade are analyzed by factors of goods and facilities. Department stores are very high level in preference for higher-order shopping-goods such as clothes for full dress in view of both diversity and quality of goods(28.9%). But they have severe traffic congestions, and high competitions for market ranges caused by their sma . 64.0% of respondents make combined purpose trips together with banking and shopping. 6. For more efficiency of retail-trading, it is necessary to induce spatial distribution policy with regard to opportunity frequency of goods selection by central place, frontier regions and age groups. Also we must consider to analyze competition among different types of retail trade and analyze the consumption behaviors of working females and younger-aged groups, in aspects of time and space. Service improvement and the rationalization of management should be accomplished in such as cooperative location (situation) must be under consideration in relations to other functions such as finance, leisure & sports, and culture centers. Various service systems such as installment, credit card and peremium ticket, new used by enterprises, must also be carried service improvement. The rationalization and professionalization in for the commercial goods are bsically requested.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1980

A dietary survey of 100 children, aged 5 to 6, of Y.C. Kindergarten located in Yowido apartment compound of Seoul, was conducted July 18 to August 21, 1979. The results are summarized as follows: General family environment: Ninety four percent of the subjects were from families having two to three children, without grandparents in the home. One hundred percent of fathers were educated at or above the college level, while 83.9% of mothers had completed college. Mothers' ages ranged from 30 to 40 years, with 58% in the $31{\sim}35$ age bracket. Nearly 60% of the fathers were office and government employees, 10% were professors and teachers, 30% were engaged in businesses and other work, while 91.3% of mothers were unemployed. Anthropometric measurements: Mean values of standing height, body weight, girth of head and girth of chest, ranged from the 75th to the 90th percentile of Korean standards. None of the subjects had anthropometric indicators below the 5th percentile, representing the malnutrition borderline, of the Korean standards; while 12%, 24%, 17% and 14% of subjects supposed the 97th percentile in standing height, body weight, girth of head, and girth of chest, respectively. Furthermore, 58% of subjects exceeded Jelliffe's standard in arm circumferences; 60%, in triceps skinfold thickness; and 14.5% of subjects exceeded 120% of the latter standard. From this data, a certain number of these children were judged to he rather overweight. Dietary intake: Mean intake per day of energy and of nutrients, excluding iron, reached or exceeded Korean recommended dietary allowances. The energy input ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 61.4 : 13.2 : 25.4, showing lower dependance on carbohydrates and higher dependance on fat for energy needs, compared with the average for Korean children of the same age group. Mean FAO-protein score of each subject's diet was shown to be as high as 90.6. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, and evening meal, on the average, in a ratio of 19.6 : 24.1 : 23.0. Approximately 33.3% of the daily caloric intake came from the snacks. Nutrition Knowledge of mothers: Nutrition knowledge of mothers was highly scored. Mothers' self-evaluations of their knowledge of nutrition was highly correlated with attitudes toward nutrition behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.480-500
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• 2011

This paper aims to describe the rapid growth of the one-person households in terms of the socio-economic demographic perspectives during the period of 1995-2005 and to analyze the spatial distribution patterns based on different characteristics of one-person households. The increase in the divorce ratio in the middle-aged, the growth of unmarried people the young generation, and the increase of life expectancy in the old generation are explanatory factors for the rise and diversification of one-person households in Korea. The rapid increase of one-person households is accompanied by a diversification in their age, gender, marital status, education level. Uneven distribution of one-person households depends on their age, level of education and dwelling type. Highly educated young adults residing in their own apartment are generally concentrated in major cities, whereas senior citizen with their own single house who lives alone are mostly in rural area. One-person households of the highly educated young adults are significantly polarized in the light of their the living standards. In particular, metropolitan area or big cities are mixed with those who have their own apartment and are financially capacity and with those who rent in a detached single house. As such, one-person households have considerably heterogeneous characteristics. Therefore, each local government will face different economic and social problems based on which group of one-person households are increasing and where they are concentrated in. To this extent, the local government should have differentiated welfare policy according to its own respect.