• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.399-409
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• 2021

The demographic characteristics of a leader are important for small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several researchers have proven that demographic characteristics affect business success. Unfortunately, business success has only been analyzed from a financial perspective and has not been compared to the owner's interests perspective. This study examines business success from both perspectives. This study aims to analyze the demographic characteristics of small entrepreneurs and their impact on business success. Demographics consist of age, experience, education, and gender. Meanwhile, business success is seen from two perspectives: financial performance and the owner's interest. The study used an explanatory survey method. The number of samples is 155 entrepreneurs who are also the leaders of their businesses. The research was conducted in Bandung City, Indonesia, in 2021. The data was processed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The study results found that age only affects financial performance. Experience is proven to affect financial performance and the interests of the owner. Gender only affects the interests of the owner. This study concludes that in difficult times such as the COVID-19 pandemic, having young leaders who are experienced will make it easier to achieve business success.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the perception about the popularization of temple food, known as health food and adult disease prevention food as an object of total 248 residents in Youngnam region. From the result of this research above, it may be summed up as follows. This study has found out that the advantages of temple food showed the statistical significant difference according to the gender, age, and size of family (p<0.01). The reason 'because of health food' (66.7%) had such high percentage. The necessity of popularization of temple food had big difference according to the gender and age (p<0.01). In addition, this study has shown the statistical significant difference in the cooking form for popularization by age, and future improvement for popularization by age and size of family (p<0.001). And, this study has found out that the 'traditional way as it is' (57.3%) was high in the cooking form, and 'use of various materials' (27.4%) in the improvement. Furthermore, the necessity of using meat for temple food had significant difference according to the gender and age, and 'need' (33.9%) showed rather higher tendency. The necessity of using osinchae, five forbidden pungent roots like garlic, green onions, Korean leeks, wild chives, and asafetida had significant difference according to the gender, age and size of family (p<0.05, P<0.001). The 'need' (61.3%) was considerably high. Based on the above results, general customers thought that the need for popularization of temple food and use of osinchae was very positive.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 2022

This study aims to analyze the relative importance of bone age and chronological age in physique according to gender and to identify the relative importance of bone age, chronological age, and physique in physical fitness and motor coordination according to gender in order to alleviate the imbalance between physique and physical fitness in children. A total of 666 children(346 males, 320 females) between the ages of 11-14 were enrolled as subjects, and the skeletal maturation The skeletal maturation were measured by taking hand-wrist. Physical fitness were measured through a total of 4 components: muscular strength. The results of this study. First, physique variables for both males and females aged 11-14 were found to be more significant predictors of bone age than chronological age. Second, for physical fitness in males, in the order of %fat, body water, waist-hip ratio, weight, fat-free mass, and chronological age were more significant predictor variables; and in females, in the order of %fat, fat-free mass, height, chronological age, weight, bone age, fat mass, and body water were more significant predictor variables. For bone age and chronological age in physical fitness, bone age in males and chronological age in females found to be the more representative variables respectively.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.501-513
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between general characteristics and the eating-out behaviors of 643 male/female industrial workers. The results of the study was summarized as follows. 1. The frequency rate of eating-out was higher for male than female, college graduates than high school graduates, high income earner than low income earner, and unmarried than married(p<0.05). 2. Average cost for eating-out was higher for male than female, for high educated and high income earner than low educated person. Age, married or not, personal health conditions and BMI, however, didn't make any difference in the average cost for eating-out. 3. Reasons fur eating-out was very different due to gender, age, degree of education income rate, married or not, BMI(p<0.05) but basically eating-out was due to get together with friends or colleagues. Also, people who thought they were not in good health answered that they did not eat-out in any conditions. Overweighted people ate out more often than normal or under-weighted people. 4. The method in gathering information about eating-out was different according to the level of education and whether married or not. On the other hand, gender, age, income rate, personal health condition and BMI did not make a big difference in its method. However, most People who Participated in the survey gathered information from people around them, such as friends/colleagues. 5. Taste was the most important factor in deciding the actual eating-out restaurant among the respondents and gender, age, level of education, married or not also made significant differences (p<0.05). 6. Besides personal health conditions and BMI, all the general characteristics including age made significant differences in selecting the most frequently visited restaurant. 7. Besides the personal health conditions, the transportation vehicle was different due to gender, age, level of education, income rate, married or not and BMI. As seen from the results, the eating-out behaviors mostly differed due to general characteristics. In order to searching for a new eating-out market, the general characteristics and the trend of the target customers has to be analyzed to activate the eating-out industry. In addition the need for highly nutritional food with low calorific value has to be emphasized along with the taste.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.2 s.80
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• pp.15-26
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate children's personalized inferences of characters emotional reactions depending on character's personality trait, emotional situation, children's age and gender, (2) to investigate children's personalized inferences of character's behavioral reactions depending on character's personality trait, emotional situation, children's age and gender, (3) to investigate differences between children's personalized inferences of character's emotional reaction and that of character's behavioral reactions. The subjects were 103 children from three age groups (thirty-four 3-year-olds, thirty-three 5-year-olds and thirty-six 7-year-olds). The statistical methods adopted for the data analysis were frequency, percentile, mean, standard deviation, repeated measure ANOVA and paired t-test. The result showed that there were significant differences in children's personalized inferences of character's emotional reaction depending on character's personality trait, emotional situation and their age. There were significant differences in children's personalized inferences of character's behavioral reaction depending on children's age and gender. There were significant differences between personalized inferences of character's emotional reaction and behavioral reactions.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2023

There have been many studies from the genetic system to physical activity and emotional expression such that there are gender differences. The purpose of this study was to determine how the structural characteristics of cortical thickness differ between males and females. This study used data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). To analyze age-specific sexual dimorphisms of cortical thickness, selected 8-80 year old subjects were divided into five detailed age range groups according to each criterion. A total of 1,700 individual brain MRI T1 data were registered in stereotaxic space for analysis and classified into white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF). For surface-based analysis, the WM/GM surface was reconstructed from a spherical polygon model with 40962 vertices per hemisphere, and each vertex was extended to the GM/CSF boundary. Cortical thickness was then measured between each vertex using the t-link method. In the statistical analysis, intracranial volume was used as a covariate to exclude the effect of the difference in brain size of each individual, and the result of using age as a covariate was added to confirm the age effect within each group. Gender differences in cortical thickness had significant results by group. This may be an index to explain diseases with sexual dimorphism in prevalence or become a basis for explaining the characteristics of each sex that appear in behavior, personality, and aging. Therefore, the results of our study could be a criterion for age classification in future studies and for understanding 'normal' sexual dimorphism.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.369-377
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• 2018

Background: Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) occurs when medical expenditure of a household passes over a certain ratio of household income. This research studied the effect of gender on CHE based on Korea Health Panel data. Methods: This study implemented binary logistic regression model to figure out whether gender affects CHE and how different gender groups show pattern of CHE process. With gender, age, marital status, income level, economic activity, membership of private insurance, existence of chronic disease, and self-rated health were included in the model. Results: Results showed that females faced CHE 1.5 times more than males (odds ratio, 1.241). Also, main determinants of CHE in female groups were marital status, while age and economic activity status were significant in male groups. Subgroup analysis displayed that married female under 35 years old are located in intersectionality of CHE including pregnancy and delivery, multiple health risk behaviors, mental stress, and relatively vulnerable social status due to lower income. Meanwhile, both gender above 50 years old faced remarkably high chance of CHE, which seems to be caused by complex health risk behaviors and chronic diseases. Conclusion: Such results implied not only that gender is an important determinant of CHE, but also other determinants of CHE differ according to gender, which suggests a necessity of gender-based CHE support and rescue policy.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.45-64
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• 2018

This study assessed scuba divers' wetsuit selection criteria based on the gender, age and scuba diving commitment level along with identifying currently owned and preferred wetsuit types. Lamb and Kallal's Functional, Expressive, and Aesthetic Consumer Needs (FEA) Model was the conceptual framework used for this study. Scuba diving has seen consistent growth, worldwide, it is necessary to investigate with wetsuit needs of this consumer group. A survey of 302 active scuba divers participated in the study. Total participants included 202 male and 100 female scuba divers. Divers stated fit was the most highly rated criteria with don/doff being most problematic. Female and older divers regarded functional performance criterion greatly(p<.05). Highly committed divers regarded the functional quality (p<.01) and aesthetic/expressive features (p<.05) of the wetsuit as important and owned more wetsuits(p<.01). Gender saw differences in required sizes ranges(p<.001) and style preferences(p<.05). Results suggest gender, age, and commitment levels all impact the wetsuit selection criteria of scuba divers.

• 한국노년학
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.399-414
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• 2017

Although previous studies have found that social participation activities are related to older people's life satisfaction and health status, the rate of social participation activities among older people is still low. The current study examined the relationship between age identity and social participation activities among older people and the extent to which this relationship differs by gender. Secondary data from the Survey of Living Conditions of Korean Older Persons were used to test the research hypothesis. Hierarchical multiple regression models were tested using a nationally representative sample of 10,451 community-dwelling older persons aged 65 and above. Older people who have older age identity were less likely to involve in social participation activities than those who have younger age identity. However, this relationship was only significant for older women. The findings suggest the need for attention to age identity and gender differences when promoting social participation activities.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.255-260
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• 2005

We investigated interventions by mother Jeju ponies on Jeju Island, Korea, to determine whether mothers assisted their offspring to attain higher status within the dominance hierarchy. Because dominance rank is important within each gender, we predicted that mothers would be more likely to intervene when their foals were play-fighting with foals of the same gender. A total of 173 play-fighting events were recorded from March to October 1998 and from April to October 1999. Of these, foals were more likely to play-fight with a foal of the same gender as with a foal of the opposite gender (120 versus 53 occurrences, respectively). A mother of one of the foals that were play-fighting intervened in 17 of these interactions. Contrary to the prediction, a mare was more likely to intervene when opposite genders interacted than when the same gender interacted. Analyzing interactions between the opposite genders further, mothers were equally likely to intervene when a daughter was play-fighting with a male foal as when a son was play-fighting with a female foal. Hence, mothers were not more protective of daughters than sons. Mothers that were in the younger age class ($2\sim11$ years old) were as likely to intervene as those in the elder age class ($17\sim25$ years old). However, all foals that were harassed were offspring of mothers in the younger, more subordinate age class. intervention directly maintains the dominance rank of the intervening mother, and may indirectly assist the intervening mother's foal to achieve a higher dominance rank. By discouraging their foals from play-fighting with the opposite genders, dominant mothers may be encouraging their foals to play-fight with the same gender and participate in establishing its own dominance rank.