• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 2009

To investigate anti-phytopathogenic fungal activity of Coptis chinensis, the methanol extract and its organic solvent fractions were prepared. Using the extract and the fractions, in-vitro spore-germination inhibition and mycelial-growth inhibition activities were evaluated against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phytohpthora capsici, Pyricularia grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, Botryosphaeri dothidea, Glomerella cingulata, respectively. Treatment of the methanol extract (500 mg/mL) into the spore of phytopathogenic fungi completely inhibited germinations for 5 days, except B. dothidea, and showed strong antifungal activities against P. grisea and B. cinerea, and antioomycetes activity against P. capsici. The minimal growth inhibition concentrations of the methanol extract against P. grisea, B. cinerea and P. capsici were 300, 300, and 500 mg/mL, respectively. For practical application of C. chinensis in red-pepper field, the hot-water extract (1,000 mg/mL) was prepared in commercial facility, after evaluation of heat stability and solvent-extraction yields of antifungal substances. The 3-times leaf-spray of the extract from June to August, 2008 did not show any deleterious effect to red-pepper. In fact, the leaf-spray promoted plant growth including leaf, root and fruit. The average weight and rind of each fruit were increased to 119% and 117% comparison to those of without treatments. Our results suggest that C. chinensis is a useful source for control of red-pepper diseases and plant growth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.410-416
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• 2006

Purpose : Ciliary abnormalities of the respiratory system usually accompany recurrent or persistent respiratory diseases such as paranasal sinusitis, bronchiectasis, rhinitis, and/or otitis media, since they cause certain derangements in ciliary cleaning activities. This disease is usually inherited by autosomal recessive trait, but may also be found to be acquired or transient in rare cases after heavy exposure to pollutants, cigarette smoking or severe infection. We performed this study in children with frequently recurrent or persistent respiratory diseases to clarify if the ciliary abnormalities are preceding factors. Methods : We enrolled 17 children with suspected respiratory ciliary abnormalities. The indications for evaluation of ciliary ultrastructure were recurrent or persistent respiratory infections. Children with immunologic abnormalities were excluded. From August 2000 to July 2003, we performed a biopsy on nasal mucosa and examined the structure of ciliary status by using an electron microscope. Results : Of the subjects, there were seven males and 10 females, aged 2 to 10 years. Out of the 17 subjects, 12 cases of chronic paranasal sinusitis, nine chronic coughs, nine frequent upper respiratory infections, seven cases of recurrent otitis media, four cases of recurrent pneumonia, and four cases of bronchial asthma were found. Out of the 17 cases on which histologic examinations were conducted, four cases showed pathologic findings, including one case of inner dynein arm defect, one of microtubular transposition, one of supernumerous tubules, and one singlet, respectively. Conclusion : It is essential for differential diagnosis and effective treatment to identify the abnormalities of ultrastructure of nasal cilia in children with symptoms of frequently recurrent or persistent respiratory diseases, if immunodeficiency or respiratory allergy could be excluded.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1230-1234
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• 2003

Purpose : The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of lung biopsies for the management of children with lung disease. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 19 lung biopsies done at Asan Medical Center, Seoul between 1993 and 2001. Data gathered included demographic information, underlying conditions, diagnosis before biopsy, final diagnosis, change in therapy, morbidity and mortality. Results : Nineteen patients underwent lung biopsy. Among them, 13 patients were male and six patients were female; the median age was 3.6 years(0.8 to 8.6 years). Twelve patients underwent open lung biopsies and seven patients had thoracoscopic biopsies. The overall diagnosis rate was 95 %. The most common diagnosis was interstitial lung disease(12 patients, 64%) and infection was detected in four patients(21%). The biopsy-proven bronchiolitis obliterance was confirmed in two of seven patients suspected by CT findings. Specific treatment was changed after biopsy in 16 patients (85%). The morbidity & overall mortality rates of the patients were 5%(one patient) and 21%(four patients) respectively. Only one complication was seen : empyema. The causes of death were acute respiratory distress syndrome(one patient), respiratory failure(two patients), and septicemia(one patient). Conclusion : The lung biopsy is a safe procedure and it contributes to more accurate diagnosis and proper management of pediatric lung diseases. We recommend lung biopsies should be considered more positively in the diagnosis of pediatric lung diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2009

Incidence of rice stripe disease, caused by Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV), was surveyed during 2002 to 2004. The incidence area and ratio of diseased fields were decreased gradually during those period. Rate of diseased plants were 45.8%, 45.0% and 43.7% in the susceptible cultivars Chucheong, Saechucheong and Ilpum, respectively. However, the rate was 4.4% in resistant cultivar Hwaseong. In addition, breakdown rate was also significantly high in the susceptible cultivars in Chucheong, Saechucheong and Ilpum showing 33.6, 33.2 and 31.9%, respectively. In Hwaseong, the breakdown rate was 0.8%. Collection efficiency was compared between two insect vector collection methods. Insect-sucking machine method was much more efficient than sweeping net method in collecting small brown plant hopper (SBPH). According to the survey of the population density of the insect vector during 2002 to 2004, the national average population density was gradually decreased year by year, 3.6, 2.3, and 1.3%, respectively. This result was significantly related with the decrease of the incidence of rice stripe disease. Control efficiency of rice stripe disease by treating several seedling box and water surface with insecticides against SBPH resulted that imidacloprid GR, Fipronil FG, Clothianidin+Probenazole GR and Thiamethoxam GR showed over 80% of control efficiency at 28 days after treatment at the early stage in nursery.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2009

This study was carried out to select effective preventive pesticides against pine wilt disease caused by pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus on trunk injection. 1,000 fold aquatic solution of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC were lower mortality (7.3% and 8.3% respectively) against PWN on 1 day after treatment. However effects of abamectin 1.8% EC, emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC, fosthiazate 30% SL and fenitrothion 30% SL were inhibited the reproduction of PWN over 99.6% in Botrytis cineria media. Effect of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $10\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in diameter of breast height (DBH) on mortality of Japanese black pine, Pinus thungergii by inoculated PWN was 0% and 3.3%, respectively at the applied year however when injection of fosthiazate 30% SL were treated with the rate of $5\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm tree DBH, mortality of tree was 63.3%. Abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC was showed high preventive efficacy representing >90% against PWN at the following year. PWN preventing efficacy of trunk injection was lower in naturally occurred area (mortality of pine tree in control was 11.7% at the first year) of PWN than artificially infected site (mortality of pine tree in control was >76.7% at the first year), PWN preventing efficacy of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $10\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in DBH was 91.5% and 82.9%, respectively, at the applied year and 89.5% and 82.6% respectively at the following year in PWN naturally occurred site. Control efficacy by trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC was more higher in 10 fold dilution with 10 fold high amount of aquatic solution than no dilution with 10 fold less amount of aquatic solution. The preventive effect of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $5\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in DBH was showed 100% at the applied year in PWN inoculated tree.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2011

Purpose: This study statistically analyzed the difference of the stability of maintaining a respiratory period shown according to position and use of a device to search the tendency and usefulness of a device. Materials and Methods: The study obtained respiratory signals which maintained a respiratory period for 20 minutes each supine and prone position for 11 subjects. The study obtained respiratory signals in a state of using a belly board for 7 patients in a bad condition of a respiratory period in a prone position to analyze a change in respiration and the stability before and after the use of a device. Results: The supine part showed 54.5%, better than the prone part of 36.4% in a case that the stability for maintaining a respiratory period was in a good condition as a fixed respiratory period was well maintained according to the position. 6 patients (85%) showed a maintenance pattern of a respiratory period significantly different before the use and 4 patients showed a significantly good change in the stability for maintaining a respiratory period as a result that belly boards were used for 7 patients that the maintenance of a respiratory period was not in a good condition on a prone position. Conclusion: It seemed that this study could contribute to the maintenance of respiratory period and of respiratory stability as the optimal position for maintenance of respiration and the use of a device such as a belly board were decided through statistic analysis of respiratory signals and its application even if patient position and use of device were decided by the beam arrangement a treatment part of a patient, location of a target, and an expected plan.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2011

Purpose: In this study, we tried to check the usefulness of two Linear Accelerators, Clinac IX and 21EX (Varian, Palo Alto, CA), which are equipped in Ajou Medical Center. From 2008 to 2010, we evaluated the error range of Absolute Dose based on the daily output, which was measured by CHECKMATE$^{TM}$ (Sun Nuclear, Melbourne, FL). Materials and Methods: For Daily Q.A, photon beams of two linear accelerators, 21EX and IX (6 MV and 10 MV, respectively) were measured daily by using CHECKMATE$^{TM}$ just before the treatment began, while the absolute dose was measured biweekly by using water phantom. We analyzed the data of measured values from the daily Q.A and the absolute dose from 2008 to 2010 for 21EX, and from 2009 to 2010 for IX. We utilized Excel 2007 (Microsoft, USA) to evaluate Average, Standard deviation and Confidence level of the data. Furthermore, in order to check the measured values of CHECKMATE$^{TM}$ and the significance of absolute dose, each error value was compared and analyzed. Results: During the observation period, the output of two equipment's absolute dose increased in process of time and in both 6 MV and 10 MV, there was a similar increasing trend. In addition, the error rate of the measured value of CHECKMATE$^{TM}$ and the value of absolute dose were under 0.34, which means that there is a similarity relationship between the two measured values. After checking that the measured value of CHECKMATE$^{TM}$ increased, We measured the absolute dose to adjust that. When the error range was close to 2~3%, the number of changing the output was four for 21EX and three for IX. Conclusion: As a result of measuring and analyzing the daily output changes for two years by using CHECKMATE$^{TM}$, we could find that there is a significance between the output which we should obey during Q.A, and the measured value of absolute dose within the error tolerance of 2~3%. Thus, the use of CHECKMATE$^{TM}$ can be positively considered for more efficient and reliable daily output verification of linear accelerator. It can also be a good standard for other medical centers to understand the trends of linear accelerator and to refer to for the correction of each output.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2012

Purpose: Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) has been carried out using On-Board Imager system (OBI) in Asan Medical Center. For this reason, This study was to analyze and evaluate the impact on Cone-Beam CT according to variation of material and respiration. Materials and Methods: This study was to acquire and analyze Cone-Beam CT three times for two material: Cylider acryl (lung equvalent material, diameter 3 cm), Fiducial Marker (using clinic) under Motion Phantom able to adjust respiration pattern randomly was varying period, amplitude and baseline vis-a-vis reference respiration pattern. Results: First, According to a kind of material, when being showed 100% in the acryl and 120% in the Fiducial Marker under the condition of same movement of the motion phantom. Second, According to the respiratory alteration, when being showed 1.13 in the baseline shift 1.8 mm and 1.27 in the baseline shift 3.3 mm for acryl. when being showed 1.01 in 1 sec of period and 1.045 in 2.5 sec of period for acryl. When being showed 0.86 in 0.7 times the standard of amplitude and 1.43 in 1.7 times the standard of amplitude for acryl. when being showed 1.18 in the baseline shift 1.8 mm and 1.34 in the baseline shift 3.3 mm for Fiducial Marker. when being showed 1.0 in 1 sec of period and 1.0 in 2.5 sec of period for Fiducial Marker. When being showed 0.99 in 0.7 times the standard of amplitude and 1.66 in 1.7 times the standard of amplitude for Fiducial Marker. Conclusion: The effect of image size of CBCT was 20% in the case of Fiducial marker. The impact of changes in breathing pattern was minimum 13% - maximum 43% for Arcyl, min. 18% - max. 66% for Fiducial marker. This difference makes serious uncertainty. So, Must be stabilized breathing of patient before acquiring CBCT. also must be monitored breathing of patient in the middle of acquire. If you observe considerable change of breathing when acquiring CBCT. After Image Guided, must be need to check treatment site using fluoroscopy. If a change is too big, re-acquiring CBCT.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was retrospectively performed to compare the clinical outcomes of modified Brostrom procedures using the single suture anchor and the double suture anchor for chronic lateral ankle instability. Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven patients were followed up for more than 1 year after the modified Brostrom procedures using suture anchor. Single surgeon treated seventeen cases with single suture anchor and 20 cases with double suture anchor. The clinical evaluation was performed according to the Karlsson scale and Sefton grading system. Radiologic measurement of the talar tilt and anterior talar translation was performed through anterior and varus stress radiographs using Telos device. Results: The Karlsson scale had improved significantly from preoperative average of 45.2 points to 89.4 points in single suture anchor group, and from 46.4 points to 90.5 points in double suture anchor group. According to the Sefton grading system, 15 cases (88.2%) in single suture anchor group and 18 cases (90%) in double suture anchor group achieved satisfactory results. The talar tilt angle and anterior talar translation had improved significantly from preoperative average of $13.6^{\circ}$ and 8.6 mm to $5.4^{\circ}$ and 4.1 mm in single suture anchor group, from $14.1^{\circ}$ and 8.4mm to $3.9^{\circ}$ and 4 mm in double suture anchor group. Double suture anchor technique was significantly superior in postoperative talar tilt. Conclusion: Single and double suture anchor techniques produced similar clinical and functional outcomes except for talar tilt, which was significantly superior in double suture anchor group. Both modified Brostrom procedures using the single and double suture anchor appear to be effective treatment methods for chronic lateral ankle instability. Further evaluation of clinical outcomes and biomechanical studies in athletes are needed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.380-385
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• 1998

This study evaluated the possible utilization and the replacing range of animal by-product mixture (ABPM) as a dietary fish meal replacer in growing common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ABPM is a mixture of leather meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal and squid liver powder at a specific weight based ratio. Five different diets were formulated on isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $40\%$ crude protein and 15.3 KJ/g diet in which white fish meal (WFM) protein was substituted with the ABPM Protein as follows: diet 1, $100\%$ WFM ($0\%$ ABPM, control); diet 2, $75\%$ WFM+$25\%$ ABPM ($25\%$ ABPM); diet $3,\;50\%$ WFM+$50\%$ ABPM ($50\%$ ABPM); diet 4 $25\%$ WFM+$75\%$ ABPM ($75\%$ ABPM); diet $5.0\%$ WFM+$100\%$ ABPM ($100\%$ ABPM). As the dietary protein sources, each diet contained $34.7\%$ of animal protein supplied by white fish meal and/or ABPM and $65.3\%$ of plant protein. After one week of conditioning period, fish averaging 10 g were randomly assigned to each diet treatment as triplicate groups and fed one of the experimental diets for 12 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed diet 1 (control) and 3 were significantly higher than those of fish fed diet 2, 4 and 5 during the first 4 weeks (P< 0.05), while there were no significant differences among all diet groups during the third 4 weeks (P>0.05). Feed conversion ratio of fish fed diet 1 was significantly higher than those fed diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 during the second 4 weeks (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences among all diet groups during the first and the third 4 weeks (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in proximate analysis among fish fed the experimental diets either for the second 4 weeks or the third 4 weeks (P>0.05). These results indicated that ABPM could be used as a fish meal replacer up to $100\%$ in growing common carp.