• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2000

Lipid peroxidation is one of the main manifestations of oxidative damage and has been found play an important role in the toxicity and carcinogenesis of many carcinogens. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B$_1$co-administrated with antioxidant vitamins on lipid contents and fatty acids components of liver in mice. For this work, vita-min C and vitamin E, the major antioxidants, were administrated with 10 mg/kg and 63.8 mg/kg respectively, through intraperitoneal(i.p) injection to male ICR mice, and 0.4 mg/kg of the AFB$_1$injected by i.p. 1hr later. The results were as follows: two fold amounts of free cholesterol, triglyceride, and total cholesterol in serum and liver of mice treated with only AFB$_1$were observed, when compared to those of mice co-administrated with antioxidant vitamins. However, the levels of phospholipids in serum and liver of mice treated with only AFB$_1$were decreased. Concerning to fatty acids composition of liver from AFB$_1$-treated mice, P/S ratio was shown more low level in cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, total cholesterol and phospholipid than those of mice co-administrated with antioxidant vitamins. In these data which provide with a reliable evidence on their antioxidantal effects to aflatoxicosis.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 1984

A $2{\times}4$ factorial study was carried out to investigate the interaction of aflatoxin and vitamin $D_3$ in broiler chicks. The day-old 336 chicks were allocated to triplicate 8 treatments. The 0 or 0.5 ppm of aflatoxin $B_1$ (AFB) and 0, 500, 1,000 or 1,500 IU/Kg of vitamin $D_3$ (VD) were supplemented to the basal diet. There were no significant differences among treatments in respect to the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, shank color, mortality and incidence of weak legs. The utilization efficiencies of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, N-free extract and crude ash showed also no significant differences among treatments, respectively. The mean utilization efficiency of crude fiber in AFB group was lower than that in normal groups (P<.01). However, no significant difference was found among groups fed different levels of VD, and no interaction between AFB and VD was found. The utilization efficiency of Ca in AFB group was somewhat higher than that in normal group without statistical significance, and the similar values were found among groups fed different VD. The utilization efficiencies of P and Na were not significantly different among treatments, respectively. The tibia ash appeared to be similar among treatments fed different levels of AFB and VD. However, the Ca content in tibia of birds fed 0.5 ppm of AFB was higher than that of normal chicks (P<.05). The slightly increasing trend was shown in Ca contents when fed increasing revel of VD, and the interaction between AFB and VD was recognized(P<.01). The P content of tibia was increased by feeding AFB(P<.05). However, there was no significant difference among groups fed different level of VD and no interaction between AFB and VD in respect to the P content of tibia. Feeding AFB did not affect the Na content in tibia. However, there was a highly significant difference among groups fed different levels of VD(P<.01), the highest values were at 1,000 IU/Kg group, and the interaction between AFB and VD was not significant. The Ca content in serum of birds fed AFB was higher than in control group (P<.01). The Ca of serum increased when fed more VD, although no significance was found among groups, and there was an interaction between AFB and VD(P<.05). The P content of serum showed no significant difference among treatments. The alkaline phosphatase activity in serum of chicks fed AFB was higher than that of control group (P<.01). The enzyme activity increased slightly with increasing level of VD, however, there was no interaction between AFB and VD.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of steam flaking treatment of corn grains imported from USA and India on in vitro gas production, microbial growth and contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ and ochratoxin A. Each treatment was composed of total 4 treatments including (1) USCW (US com-whole type), (2) USCF (US corn-flaked type), (3) IDCW (India corn-whole type) and (4) IDCF (India orn-flaked type) with 4 replications $\times$ 6 incubation times (3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hr). Mycotoxin (aflatoxin $B_1$ & ochratoxin A) contents in test corns tended to increase gradually with increasing logistics periods from the harbor, hopper, silo to processing line. The contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ in India corn (IDCW) and US corn (USCW) were 11.71 and 1.78 ppb, respectively when measured at the hopper. After steam flaking, both contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ in USCW and IDCW were 0.00 ppb. It means that Aspergillus flavus could be decreased by steam flaking. However, this trend was not observed in ochratoxin content. The gas production rate of USA corns (USCW & USCF) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than India corns (IDCW & IDCF), and that of steam flaked corns (USCF & IDCF) was higher $1.5{\sim}2%$ than whole corns (USCW & IDCW) after 3 hr incubation in in vitro experiment. pH value was optimally maintained for microbial growth during whole incubation times with the value of 6.05 to 6.54, and was not significantly different between treatments, but USCF was somewhat lower than other treatments. pH value decreased following 12 hr of incubation but gas production increased rapidly during the same period. In addition, in vitro microbial growth rates also increased with up to 18 hr of incubation period, thereafter experienced a decrease with extended incubation time. In conclusion, US corn was superior to India corn by origin based on the results of in vitro and mycotoxin contents. And steam flaking process of imported corns tended to decrease mycotoxin contents such as aflatoxin $B_1$ and ochratoxin A as well as improve in vitro gas production and microbial growth rates.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.260-267
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• 2014

To evaluate microbiological and aflatoxin safety on traditional dried persimmon, a total of 315 samples were collected from 105 farms. The collected samples were assessed on aflatoxin and microorganisms (Aerobic plate count, coliform count, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus). The the APC of sliced dried persimmon, dried persimmon, and semi dried persimmon were $3.93{\pm}0.96$, $2.12{\pm}0.93$, and $1.50{\pm}1.08{\log}\;CFU/g$, respectively. S. aureus was detected in 40.0% of sliced dried persimmon, 29.5% of dried persimmon, and 23.5% of semi dried persimmon. E. coli recovered from dried persimmon and semi dried persimmon was 6.6%, and 2.9%, respectively. However, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and L. monocytogenes were not detected. According to the result of aflatoxin by ELISA and UPLC, aflatoxin was not detected in any sample. These data suggested that safety management system should be introduce to the farms producing traditional dried persimmon to enhance the safety of traditional dried persimmon.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.181-186
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate various components and aflatoxin of sigumjang during fermentation time. The contents of moisture were decreased during fermentation time. The contents of protein, fat and ash were $19.8{\sim}20.8%,\;1.3{\sim}1.6%$ and $3.1{\sim}3.2%$, respectively. The pH was gradually acidized. The result of measurement of surface color showed: L-value, $29.45{\sim}30.94\;a-value,\;+3.01{\sim}+3.63;\;b-value,\;+5.39{\sim}+6.34$. Aflatoxin was not detected during fermentation. Among 81 kinds of flavor components identified in sigumjang, esters was most in number followed by acids, aldehydes, alcohols and phenols.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1686-1689
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• 2003

The ability of ten probiotic bacteria to bind a common food carcinogen aflatoxin $G_1$,$G_2$ and $B_2$ was assessed. The strains were incubated in vitro with aflatoxins and the toxin residues in the supernatant were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. The aflatoxin $G_1$ binding capacity of the strains was found to strain dependent, most efficient binding of AF$G_1$ was observed by L. acidophilus CU028 and L. brevis CU06 which bound approximately 50%. L. acidophilus CU028 was capable of bind approximately 67% of AF$G_2$, difference in their binding ability showed statistical significance (p>0.05). L. acidophilus CU028 and L. helveticus CU 631 were the best binders and the strains were observed to possess variable AF$B_2$-binding ability in the range was from 38.0% to 55.9%. Lactobacillus acidophilus CU028 was the best common binders of the three types of food carcinogen aflatoxins. The application of binding phenomenon in the removal of mycotoxins from contaminated feeds is urgently needed to improve the safety of feeds.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to review the occurrence, analytical methods and reduction methods of aflatoxins in foods. Aflatoxins are produced by the secondary metabolism of various fungal species and have the highest toxicity among mycotoxins. Due to their toxicity including carcinogenic activity, aflatoxins affect not only the health of humans ana animals but also the economics of agriculture and food. As a food-importing country, because aflatoxins could contaminate raw commodities and foodstuffs, there should be inspection on the exposure and the regulation of risk assessment as a food safety measure. In addition, studies on rapid analytical methods and reduction of toxicity by various processes for aflatoxins should be carried out in conjunction with those of the risk assessment of aflatoxins.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1995

Microsomes from human liver sample HL 110 oxidized aflatoxin $B_1$ $(AFB_1)$ to $AFB_1$ exo-8, 9-epoxide which was detected as a glutathione (GSH) conjugate with excess GSH S-transferase and to aflatoxin $Q_1$ ($AFB_1$; 3$\alpha$-hydroxyafiatoxin $B_1$), and testosterone to 6$\beta$-hydroxytestosterone. Anti-P450 3A4 nearly completely inhibited all of the reactions. Some fiavonoids inhibited all of the reactions. While other fiayonolds stimulated 8, 9-epoxidation and inhibited 3$\alpha$-hydroxylation. Gestodene inhibited all of the reactions when gestodene was metabolized by human liver microsomal P450 3A4 prior to adding substrate. But, ges-todene was added in the enzyme mixtures in the presence of $AFB_1$, it could not inhibit 8, 9-epoxidation of $AFB_1$. Nifedipine and troleandomycin inhibited both of the reactions of $AFB_1$ but only 3$\alpha$-hydroxylation was inhibited by the oxidation product of nifedipine. Although, troleandomycin was known as a mechanism-based inhibitor, the chemical did not show any detectable inhibitory effect on 6$\beta$-hydroxylation of testosterone. The results suggest that there are several different substrate-binding sites on P450 3A4.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 1987

Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of monosodium glutamate (MSG) were evaluated in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. When exposed to liver cell culture continuously for 24 hr, MSG did not show any cytotoxic effects up to 0.5% (w/v) level as determined by Tryphan Blue exclusion and lactic dehydrogenase release test. MSG also did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis or DNA single-strand breaks in hepatocyte cultures up to 1% level. No synergistic effects of MSG were observed on aflatoxin B$_1$-induced DNA damage when 1% MSG was treated to liver cell culture along with aflatoxin B$_1$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1969

On the basis of UV spectral changes and TBA reaction, malonaldehyde (MA) in aqueous solution receives considerable photochemical modification by UV light of short wavelengths around $260m{\mu}$. When aflatoxin is added in the solution, UV light of long wavelengths around $360m{\mu}$ induces such changes quite rapidly and although the rate of change is rather slow, it is also true even with ordinary laboratory illumination(fluorescent). The modification is irreversible in nature and the role of aflatoxin in this reaction is identified as a photosensitizer. The mechanism involved in this modification is apparently due to the parallel dimerization of MA molecules, but not by head to tail combination of the molecules.