• 원예과학기술지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.600-606
• /
• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of seedling ages of scions and rootstocks for grafting and light intensity during their cultivation in a closed transplant production system on the growth and development of grafted cucumber transplants. Cucumber scions and rootstocks were cultivated under 5 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) levels: 100, 140, 180, 230, and $280{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in a closed transplant production system. The scions were grafted onto the rootstocks at 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 days after sowing (DAS). Hypocotyl length of scions and rootstocks decreased significantly as PPF increased, and an increase in dry weight with increasing PPF was more pronounced in scions. After grafting, cucumber transplants were grown in a greenhouse until 22 DAS and were then transplanted for investigation of their growth and development. Plant height, leaf area, and fresh weight of cucumber transplants grafted at 8, 9, and 10 DAS were greater, but light intensity during cultivation of scions and rootstocks did not significantly affect the early growth of cucumber transplants after grafting. The number of female flowers in grafted cucumber after transplanting was highest when scions and rootstocks were cultivated under PPF 140 and $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and were grafted at 8 DAS. These results indicate that controlling environmental conditions in a closed transplant production system during the production of scions and rootstocks can advance grafting time and promote the growth and development of grafted cucumber transplants.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.87-92
• /
• 2014

The Notched Ring Test(NRT) has proven to be very useful in determining the slow crack growth behavior of polyethylene pressure pipes. In particular, the test is simple and an order of magnitude shorter in experimental times as compared to the currently used Notched Pipe Test(NPT), which makes this method attractive for use as the accelerated slow crack growth test. In addition, since the NRT specimen is taken directly from the pipe, having maintained the cross-section, processing induced artifacts that would affect the slow crack growth behavior are not altered. This makes the direct comparison to the slow crack growth specimen in pipe from more meaningful. In this study, for comparison with other available slow crack growth methods, including the NPT, the stress intensity factor equation for NRT specimen was developed and demonstrated of its accuracy within 3% of that obtained from the finite element analysis. The equation was derived using a flexure formula of curved beam bending along with numerically determined geometric factors. The accuracy of the equation was successfully tested on 63, 110, 140, 160, 250, and 400 mm nominal pipe diameters, with crack depth ranging from 15 % to 45 % of the pipe wall thickness, and for standard dimensional ratio(SDR) of 9, 11, and 13.6. Using this equation the slow crack results from 110SDR11 NRT specimen were compared to that from the NPT specimen, which demonstrated that the NRT specimen was equivalent to the NPT specimen in creating the slow crack, however in much shorter experimental times.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.18-21
• /
• 2004

Six volunteers (mean $age=25.7{\pm}1.7$, $height=173{\pm}1.9$ and $weight=63.4{\pm}2.3{\;}kg$) participated in a graded exercise test and one hour of basic form of ChunDoSunBup (CDSB) Qi-training to investigate the cardiorespiratory responses and exercise intensity of Qi-training, a Korean traditional psychosomatic training. In the maximal exercise, the trainee showed $96.2{\pm}8.89{\;}l/min$ in ventilation (VE), $46.0{\pm}4.4$ in breath frequency (BF), $1.31{\pm}0.05$ in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), $180.7{\pm}3.0$ in heart rate (HR), and $2.6{\pm}1.1{\;}l/min$ or $40.7{\pm}2.3{\;}ml/kg/ml$ in oxygen consumption $(VO_2)$. Qi-training induced significant changes in BF, RER, HR, and $VO_2$. The exercise intensity of Qi-training were 42.3%, 46.9% and 38.7% of $HR_{max}$ during the sound exercise, slow motion (haeng-gong) and meditation respectively and the average was 46.2% of $HR_{max}$. We conclude that Qi-training is an aerobic exercise of a light (mild) intensity exercise, and it leads to decrease the metabolic rate in the trainee by breathing efficiently and relaxing them. In addition, Qi-training may affect cardiorespiratory function of BF, RER, HR and $VO_{2max}$ in trainees.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제11권5호
• /
• pp.749-755
• /
• 2001

High Electromagnetic Field (EMF) with an intensity of 1 mT (Tesla) inhibited the growth of both human normal lung and immune T cell down to $20-30\%$, compared to that of an unexposed case. The human T-cells, Jurkat, were more severely affected by EMF than the human lung cells, which showed a relatively slow cell growth and substantial releas of $Ca^+2$ (3.5 times higher than the human T-cells). However, the growth of hepatoma carcinoma, Hep3B, was enhanced by twice that of an unexposed case. The EMF intensity and exposure time did not affect the growth of the cancer cells very much, while it significantly affected the growth of normal cells. Accordingly, it is possible that EMFs may play a role in the initiation of cancer. The EMFs disturbed the signal transduction and membrane systems, such that a five times higher amount of PKC-${\alpha}$ was released from the cell membrane than in the control. Extended exposure to EMFs, for more than 48 hours, also led to 1 $90\%$ necrotic death pattern from apoptotic cell death. Finally, EMF at an intensity of 1mT with a 24-T exposure promoted the differentiation of HL-60 cells to monocytes/macrophages, possibly causing potential acute leukemia.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권9호
• /
• pp.1403-1413
• /
• 2023

Objective: Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) maintains intestinal homeostasis by detoxifying bacterial endotoxins and regulating gut microbiota, and lipid absorption. Antibiotics administered to animals can cause gut dysbiosis and barrier disruption affecting animal health. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the role of IAP in the intestinal environment in dysbiosis. Methods: Young male mice aged 9 weeks were administered a high dose of antibiotics to induce dysbiosis. They were then sacrificed after 4 weeks to collect the serum and intestinal organs. The IAP activity in the ileum and the level of cytokines in the serum samples were measured. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNA from the intestinal samples was performed using primers for tight junction proteins (TJPs) and proinflammatory cytokines. The relative intensity of IAP and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in intestinal samples was evaluated by western blotting. Results: The IAP activity was significantly lower in the ileum samples of the dysbiosis-induced group compared to the control. The interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were significantly higher in the ileum samples of the dysbiosis-induced group. The RNA expression levels of TJP2, claudin-3, and claudin-11 showed significantly lower values in the intestinal samples from the dysbiosis-induced mice. Results from western blotting revealed that the intensity of IAP expression was significantly lower in the ileum samples of the dysbiosis-induced group, while the intensity of TLR4 expression was significantly higher compared to that of the control group without dysbiosis. Conclusion: The IAP activity and relative mRNA expression of the TJPs decreased, while the levels of proinflammatory cytokines increased, which can affect intestinal integrity and the function of the intestinal epithelial cells. This suggests that IAP is involved in mediating the intestinal environment in dysbiosis induced by antibiotics and is an enzyme that can potentially be used to maintain the intestinal environment in animal health care.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.99-109
• /
• 2016

Purpose: This study investigated factors influencing the xerostomia symptoms in the patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Methods: Eighty-six participants over the age of twenty were randomly enrolled from patients with TMDs. The patients were diagnosed by Diagnostic Criteria-TMD (DC-TMD). Intensity of the pain and level of stress of the patients were recorded using TMD pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and stress VAS, respectively. The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90R), dry mouth symptom questionnaire, unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR) and oral moisture were measured. Results: The patients who had above the mean of the TMD pain VAS had significantly higher scores on the stress VAS, subjective dry mouth symptoms and T-score of somatization. The patients who suffered from pain more than three months had significantly higher TMD pain VAS, subjective dry mouth symptoms and T-score of somatization. There were no significant differences in xerostomic symptoms according to the diagnosis of TMDs. Moreover, TMD pain VAS and the stress VAS did not correlated to USFR and oral moisture. Conclusions: The level of individuals' TMD pain and stress significantly affect their subjective dry mouth symptoms, however, it did not affect USFR and oral moisture.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.589-595
• /
• 2015

This study examines how exercise habits affect human thermoregulatory responses. A total of 14 healthy male college students participated in this study as subjects: 8 students who exercised regularly (REG) and 6 students who did not (IREG). First, there were no significant differences between REG and IREG in rectal and mean skin temperatures. Second, the general thermal sensation was "slightly warm" at the equilibrium state and "cool" during body cooling in both groups with no significant differences between the two groups. This implies that exercise habits did not affect the subjective thermal sensation under this study's environmental conditions. Third, there were no significant correlations between the preferred temperature and related variables such as rectal and mean skin temperature changes, oxygen uptake, and the general thermal sensation in REG. However, there were significant correlations between the preferred temperature and the mean skin temperature change (p<0.05) and oxygen uptake(p<0.01) in IREG. In sum, these results suggest weak effects of exercise habits on daily life at the individual level. Therefore, future research should verify this study's results under controlled conditions such as cooling intensity and durations.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.169-180
• /
• 2009

This study was performed to examine the emotion expectations and explanations of four participants(an actor, a recipient, a child observer, and an adult observer) in moral, social-conventional, and personal rule transgression situations. Six vignettes describing the rule transgressions were presented to 200 children who were either five or seven years old. The children were asked to predict and explain each participant's emotions. The children's emotion expectations were different depending on the domain of the rule transgressions and on the type of the participant. The actors were predicted to feel happy during all transgressions, while the recipients and two observers(a child and an adult) were predicted to feel unhappy. The seven-year-old children attributed more happiness to the actors, and more negative affect to the recipients compared to the five-year-olds. This result was inconsistent with the previous findings that older children attributed more happiness to actors. This finding was discussed in relation to the 'happy victimizer'. Some categories of emotion explanations were differentiated according to the domain of rule transgressions. The personal rule transgressions, newly defined and examined in this study, were judged to be less serious than the moral rule transgressions in terms of the intensity of the negative affect.

• 한국음향학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.187-197
• /
• 2009

해양에서는 파도, 빗방울 등 해수면에 일어나는 많은 물과 물의 충돌, 해양에서 운행되는 선박, 여러 해양 생물들의 생명활동 그리고 여러 발생 원들에 의해 많은 기포들이 생성될 수 있다. 이렇게 생성된 기포들은 해양에서 사용되는 음파의 세기와 음속에 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구에서는 2007년 9월 19일 04:00 부터 17:00 까지 남해 남형제도 해역에서 Acoustic Bubble Spectrometer (ABS)와 CTD를 사용하여 해양 기포생성과 생성기포가 음파에 미치는 영향을 관측하였다. 관측자료를 통하여 풍속과 기포생성의 연관성, 기포의 반경에 따른 기포량, 주파수별 음속비를 분석하였다. 최종적으로 분석자료를 통해 기포가 음파전달에 미치는 영향을 모의하였다.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제11권8호
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2013

Purpose - This study aims to strengthen the economic cooperation between Korea and Japan by studying the pattern of trade between them and identifying drawbacks. Thus, it aims to enable trade expansion by analyzing the factors that affect trade and identifying ways to improve them. If economic cooperation is improved, transport and communication costs, as well as the transaction cost of economic exchanges, can be minimized. Research design, data, methodology - The trade intensity index developed by the Japanese economist Yamazawa under his trade intensity theory was used to analyze the trade decision factor of Korea and Japan. Trade structure and decision factors were analyzed for the target period of 2000 to 2012, and the period ranging from 2000 to 2005 was compared with the period ranging from 2005 to 2012. This paper is an analysis of the resultant time series. The data were collected from Korea Traders Association, Korea Customs Office, and UN Comtrade (2000, 2005, 2012) and whole table indexes were calculated by the author. Trade related index was used to analyze the comparative advantage based on time-series analysis statistics data (2000. 2005, 2012) through an analysis of the trade intensity index (TII), revealed comparative advantage index (RCA), and trade specialization index (TSI). Results - The trade intensity index of the industries of Japan and Korea is 1.814 in 2000. The export ratio of Japan against China was slightly higher at 2.128. TII is indicated to be 1.600 in both 2005 and 2012, which means export ratio of Japan against China is considerably maintained in 2005; however, export ratio of Japan against China is diminishing gradually as its index is 1.600 in 2012. Second, as per the trade specialization index of the ship industry in Japan and China, TSI is indicated to be -0.818 in 2000, -0.308 in 2005, and -0.847 in 2012. Generally, it is still closer to -1 and especially, we can see it is more closer to -1 in 2012. Third, as per the revealed comparative advantage index of the ship industry in Japan and China, the RCA index in 2012 is 0.007, which is quite far from 1 as compared to the value in 2000 and 2005. Hence, the Japanese ship industry has a significant comparative disadvantage against the Chinese ship industry. Conclusions - Both countries invest most of their capital in the shipping industry. It is the shipping industry that receives the most capital investment in the two countries is invested and governmental policy funds are needed. As both countries have large shipping industries, this research project is very valuable. Japan and China are compared because they are Korea's neighbors. Also, Korea is strategically located in Northeast Asia and has a history of foreign intrusion from several countries. Therefore, the purpose of this research study is to understand the trade structures of both countries and intensify the economic cooperation between Japan and China.