• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 1995

For development of microbial additives applicable to in-vessel composting system of food waste, thermophilic bacteria which showed amylase, protease, lipase and cellulase activity were isolated from soil, compost and food waste. Among 81 isolates, the growth characteristic of 20 strains with high enzyme activity were examined. All strains are Gram positive rod with catalase activity and 17 strains are spore formers. At $50^{\circ}C$, most of the strains were able to grow from pH 5 to pH 10 and in presence of 8% of NaCl. In trypticase soy broth, the growth of these strains was greatly increased by aeration, but decreased at elevated temperature above $50^{\circ}C$.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2006

For the study of Hericium erinaceum as a useful functional foods and materials, liquid cultivation under two different bioreactors(air-lift fermenter and jar fermenter) which was not studied systematically until now, was conducted as a method of mass cultivation for H. erinaceum. A batch cultivation in an air-lift fermenter and a jar fermenter was examined for enhancing the productivity because of small amounts of mycelial weight and slow growth in case of a liquid culture for H. erinaceum. We found that air lift fermenter system was more effective than jar fermenter for mycelial production of H. erinaceum, and mycelial morphology was a critical factor of the growth. By scale-up and cultivation based on morphological analysis, the conditions for mass production with 30 L and 500 L jar fermenter was 200 and 150 rpm of agitation speed at 1 vvm of aeration rate, respectively, and mycelial dry weight under these conditions was enhanced to about $13{\sim}14g/L$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.379-384
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• 1994

Casein or soybean protein was subjected to the reaction with caffeic acid-tyrosinase system at $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$ pH 6.8 with aeration for 5 hr. The effects of the modified proteins on male Wistar rats were studied by pair-feeding of a cholesterol-free diet for 2 weeks. Significant decrease in protein digestibility for the rats fed with the modified proteins was observed. The feeding of modified protein from casein caused an enlargement of caecum. The concentration of serum cholesterol and triglyceride in the rats fed with modified proteins were mostly unchanged against the rats fed with untreated proteins. These results suggest that the decrease in protein digestibility induced by enzymic browning-reaction did not cause the decrease in concentration of serum cholesterol.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2012

A new type of chemical oxidation technology utilizing micro bubble ozone oxidizer and a pneumatic fracturing equipment was developed to enhance field applicability of a traditional chemical oxidation technology using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer for in-situ soil remediation. To find an efficient way to dissolve gaseous ozone into hydrogen peroxide, ozone was injected into water as micro bubble form then dissolved ozone concentration and its duration time were measured compared to those of simple aeration of gaseous ozone. As a result, dissolved ozone concentration in water increased by 31% (1.6 ppm ${\rightarrow}$ 2.1 ppm) and elapsed time for which maximum ozone concentration decreased by half lengthened from 9 min to 33 min. When the developed pneumatic fracturing technology was applied in sandy loam, cracks were developed and grown in soil for 5~30 seconds so that the radius of influence got longer by 71% from 392 cm to 671 cm. The remediation system using the micro bubble ozone oxidizer and the pneumatic fracturing equipment for field application was made and demonstrated its remediation efficiency at petroleum contaminated site. The system showed enhanced remediation capacity than the traditional chemical oxidation technology using hydrogen peroxide with reduced remediation time by about 33%.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.195-206
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• 1980

Fish were grown in a water recycling rearing system consisting of a filter system, of which the area is about $30\;m^2$ and the volume of filter gravels is about $15\;m^3$, 6 rearing and 2 supplementary tans about $7\;m^2$ of surface area each. The results for 180 days from April 18 to October 14,1980 are summarized as following: One rearing tank was used for main experiment stocked with an equal number, and weight of each Israeli strain and $F_1$, hybrid between this strain and Korean local strain of common carp. Gross total production was 461 kg with a net production of 395 kg, and the Israeli strain grew to about 8 times initial weight and the hybrid about 6 times. Based on an analysis of results of the above mentioned main experiment and the other miscellaneous fish grown in the remaining tanks, it was considered to be feasible to implement a commercial production in this system by improving parts of the system and adding a number of the units. A special problem seems to be an adoption of more effective aeration device when fish loading increases. A solid waste removal system was deviced by use of by-pass flow ana this system worked very efficiently in view of supply water economy. A serious problem encountered in this experiment was heavy outbreaks of the gill-fluke, Dactylogyrus sp. which was relatively easily eradicated with Dipterex or DDVP treatment in the first trials, but later on strains which were resistant to any of these chemicals appeared.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.439-446
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• 2014

Many studies on methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from livestock industries have revealed that livestock production directly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through enteric fermentation and manure management, which causes negative impacts on animal environment sustainability. In the present study, three essential values for GHG emission were measured; i.e., i) maximum $CH_4$ producing capacity at mesophilic temperature ($37^{\circ}C$) from anaerobically stored manure in livestock category ($B_{0,KM}$, Korean livestock manure for $B_0$), ii) $EF_{3(s)}$ value representing an emission factor for direct $N_2O$ emissions from manure management system S in the country, kg $N_2O-N$ kg $N^{-1}$, at mesophilic ($37^{\circ}C$) and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) temperatures, and iii) $N_{ex(T)}$ emissions showing annual N excretion for livestock category T, kg N $animal^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$, from different livestock manure. Static incubation with and without aeration was performed to obtain the $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ emissions from each sample, respectively. Chemical compositions of pre- and post- incubated manure were analyzed. Contents of total solids (% TS) and volatile solid (% VS), and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) decrease significantly in all the samples by C-containing biogas generation, whereas moisture content (%) and pH increased after incubation. A big difference of total nitrogen content was not observed in pre- and post-incubation during $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions. $CH_4$ emissions (g $CH_4$ kg VS-1) from all the three manures (sows, layers and Korean cattle) were different and high C/N ratio resulted in high $CH_4$ emission. Similarly, $N_2O$ emission was found to be affected by % VS, pH, and temperature. The $B_{0,KM}$ values for sows, layers, and Korean cattle obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ are 0.0579, 0.0006, and 0.0828 $m^3$ $CH_4$ kg $VS^{-1}$, respectively, which are much less than the default values in IPCC guideline (GL) except the value from Korean cattle. For sows and Korean cattle, $N_{ex(T)}$ values of 7.67 and 28.19 kg N $yr^{-1}$, respectively, are 2.5 fold less than those values in IPCC GL as well. However, $N_{ex(T)}$ value of layers 0.63 kg N $yr^{-1}$ is very similar to the default value of 0.6 kg N $yr^{-1}$ in IPCC GLs for National greenhouse gas inventories for countries such as South Korea/Asia. The $EF_{3(s)}$ value obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ were found to be far less than the default value.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.3104-3104
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• 2001

The research described here was undertaken with the aim of monitoring, optimizing and ultimately controlling the production of heterofermentative microbes used as starters in the salami industry. The use of starter cultures in the fermented meats industry is a well-established technique used to shorten and standardize the ripening process, and to improve and control the organoleptic quality of the final product. Starter cultures are obtained by the submerged cultivation of suitable microorganisms in stirred, and sometimes aerated, fermenters where monitoring of key physiological parameters such as the concentration of biomass, substrates and metabolites suffers from the general lack of real-time measurement techniques applicable to aseptic processes. In this respect, the results of the present work are relevant to all submerged fermentation processes. Previous work on the application of on-line NIR spectroscopy to the lactic acid fermentation (Dosi et al. - Monreal NIR1995) had successfully used a system based on a measuring cell included in a circulation loop external to the fermenter. The fluid handling and sterility problems inherent in an external circulation system prompted us to explore the use of an in-line system where the NIR probe is immersed in the culture and is thus exposed to the hydrodynamic conditions of the stirred and aerated fluid. Aeration was expected to be a potential source of problems in view of the possible interference of air bubbles with the measurement device. The experimental set-up was based on an in-situ sterilizable NIR probe connected to the instrument by means of an optical fiber bundle. Preliminary work was carried out to identify and control potential interferences with the measurement, in particular the varying hydrodynamic conditions prevailing at the probe tip. We were successful in defining the operating conditions of the fermenter and the geometrical parameters of the probe (flow path, positioning, etc.) were the NIR readings were reliable and reproducible. The system thus defined was then used to construct and validate calibration curves for tile concentration of biomass, carbon source and major metabolites of two different microorganisms used as salami starters. Real-time measurement of such parameters coupled with the direct interfacing of the NIR instrument with the PC-based measurement and control system of the fermenter enabled the development of automated strategies for the interactive optimization of the starter production process.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2011

The marine ornamental industry has become a multi-billion dollar industry these days. As developing, however, this industry has been criticized for the indiscriminate captures and the destruction of the surrounding environment. To circumvent these problems, it is suggested to breed the organisms artificially. While clownfishes Amphiprion sp. and Premnas sp. are the most famous ornamental organisms in the trade, few studies are yet available on the culture and commercial production of these fishes. These studies were performed to investigate the spawning periodicity, behavior and the habits during egg incubation, and to provide the information on the mass hatching system. The spawning periodicity and frequency were different in 4 pairs under the constant condition, temperature, salinity and photoperiod. On the contrary, the male's behaviors for egg incubation are almost same in the all. The egg-fanning activity of the male increased as the developing eggs reaching to the hatching day. Based on the above results, we designed a new artificial hatching system, the rotating type (RT), and compared it with the aeration type (AT) and spray type (ST) that were previously described. RT showed higher hatching rate of 87.3% than AT (74.4%) and ST (60.5%). Also, there were no significant differences in the hatching rate regardless of the number (2, 3, 5) of hatching plates. We suggest RT may accommodate various number of hatching plates and constitute a better hatching system for clownfishes.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.931-938
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• 2012

The effects were investigated of different lengths and numbers of slitwalls in drainless containers on growth and change in soil moisture volumes on the growth of Diffenbachia amoena 'Marianne' and Begonia rex. Drainless containers filled with amended soil, with square shape ($240mm{\times}240mm$) were used, as well as three different sets of slitwalls (2, 4 or 8, respectively) in addition to non-slitwall containers. Two indoor foliage plants were grown in slitwall containers in randomized blocks with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions, from March to September, 2009. Soil moisture volumes per container were measured by weighing containers every 2 hours during the day. The change in soil moisture volumes showed considerable differences among slitwalls tested in comparison to control containers before and after twice-weekly irrigation. Particularly, the differences in the S2 (195mm, slitwall 2) containers were significantly greater than other containers tested. For Diffenbachia amoena 'Marianne', plant height, length of leaf, dry weight and fresh weight were higher with S2 containers than with those grown in other containers tested. The Begonia rex with the best quality in terms of plant height, length of leaf and width of leaf was grown in S8 (360mm, slitwall 8) containers. Particularly, statistical analysis has indicated that shoot fresh weights of Begonia rex grown in S8 were 3-fold higher than those grown in CS8 containers. The different results obtained within the two species led us to hypothesize a species-specific influence on indoor foliage plant performance. However, plants of both species grown in slitwall containers showed good results compared with plants grown in non-slitwall containers.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

The plastic culture bottle cap types and accumulated concentration of carbon dioxide, media humidity in the process of medium culture, chitin content and yield were observed in Pleurotus ostreatus 850ml bottle in Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, during 2011. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the process of medium culture was the highest after 8~9 days cultivation irrespective of cap sizes and types. The accumulated concentration of carbon dioxide in size cap of 29~41mm was 6.5~4.0% in the upper-under perforation hole of cap and 9.0~6.5% in the under perforation hole of cap. The upper-under 23~33mm perforation hole and under 29mm perforation hole of caps in the 850ml bottle were best condition for cultivation of mushroom and increased fruit body, 15.8~21.2% and 20%, respectively. However, the upper-under & under 41mm perforation hole of fruit body were decreased 60.7% and 23.6%, respectively. Also it was weak, lose vitality and the lower of biologically activity substance because the upper medium humidity was too dry.