• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 2005

This study was carried out to determine the optimal submerged culture conditions for production of ginseng root containing germanium using plant tissue culture technology. The ginseng (Panx ginseng C.A. Meyer) .cot induced by plant growth regulators of 0.5 mg/L BAP and 3.0 mg/L NAA was cultured on SH medium and the effects of various $GeO_2$ concentrations, addition time of $GeO_2$ and pH of medium were investigated on fresh weight, saponin production and germanium accumulation in ginseng root. Optimal $GeO_2$ concentrations for fresh weight, saponin and germanium content were 10, 0 and 110ppm, respectively. When $GeO_2$ was added after 2 weeks cultivation of ginseng root, germanium content was higher than that of adding $GeO_2$ at the initial cultivation time, but saponin content and fresh weight were lower. pH 5.5 was found to be the most favorable condition for the growth of ginseng root and germanium accumulation, but saponin production was best at pH 6.0.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.170-173
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• 2009

Leaf and petiole explants of Pulsatilla koreana NAKAI were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of zeatin, kinetin or BAP combined with 0.05 mg/L IAA. After 6 weeks of culture, effects of cytokinin on adventitious shoot formation from explants were investigated. The highest frequency of shoot formation was obtained when petiole explants were cultured on medium with 0.5 mg/L zeatin and 0.05 mg/L IAA. Regenerated shoot were transferred on to root induction medium. The best root formation was observed at 1/2 MS medium with 1.5 mg/L NAA. Rooted plantlets were transplanted to a mixture of perlit and soil (1:3), where they were successfully acclimatized.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2009

Hyoscyamus species is sources of the hypnotic and sedative drugs hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Single cells of Hyoscyamus niger were dissociated from suspension cultures and adventitious roots obtained from single-cell clones which were cultured on B5 medium containing 3% (w/v) sucrose, 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.4% (w/v) gelrite. H. niger adventitious root lines showed wide variation in tropane alkaloids production and growth. An effective selection of 200 root lines was made possible by the application of the 'Dragendorff's reagent' for qualitative detection of the alkaloids from root. A high correlation coefficient (r=0.9390) was observed between the values obtained with the two methods based on HPLC and Dragendorff's reagent analysis. Among the selected roots, the highest scopolamine content was 16.64 mg/g DW (Hn-59), which was 8.82-fold more productive than the lowest alkaloid producing line (Hn-25). Here, we established an efficient selection method on tropane alkaloids production and suggest that the Dragendorff's reagent is of great practical value in selection of invisible compounds.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2012

Iris dichotoma Pall. is an important endangered plant belonging to the family Iridaceae. A method was developed for the rapid micropropagation of I. dichotoma through plant regeneration from leaf, rhizome, and root explant-derived calli. Leaf, rhizome, and root segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D; $0-3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) for callus induction. Callus production was highest at $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 2,4-D, where 73.8% and 45.5% of cultured rhizome and root cuttings, respectively, produced calli. The viable calli were maintained at an induced concentration of 2,4-D ($3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). They were then transferred to MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-D ($0-3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) in combination with 6-benzyladenine (BA: 0, 1.0 and $3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) for adventitious shoot regeneration. The addition of a low concentration of 2,4-D into BA-containing medium significantly increased the frequency of shoot regeneration in leaf, rhizome, and root-derived calli. The highest number of adventitious shoots (26.4 per callus) formed at $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/l BA. For rooting of the shoots, half- strength MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) $0-3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was tested. The optimal results were observed using half-strength MS medium supplemented with $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IBA, on which 98% of the regenerated shoots developed roots with an average of 3.5 roots per shoot within 45 days. The plantlets raised in vitro were acclimatized and transferred to soil with 95% success. This in vitro propagation protocol will be useful for conservation and mass propagation of this endangered plant.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.257-261
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of plant growth regulators on the organogenesis from the tissue culture of Arabidopsis thaliana stem, and the origin of the callus development. When the stem segments were cultured on medium with 2mg/L IAA or NAA, adventitious roots and trichomes were differentiated after 11 days of culture. Callus vigorously formed on medium with 2/L2,4 after 7 days of culture, but adventitious roots and trichomes were not differentiated from callus after 10 days of culture. This results suggesting that picloram is very effective auxin for the callus formation and organogenesis. Callus weakly formed on 0.05mg/L kinetin, and formed on combination of auxins(2mg/L) with 0.05mg/L kinetin. But the effect of combination of auxins and kinetin the callus formation was less than 2,4-D or picloram alone. A histological examination of callus formed on picloram showed that phloram showed that phloem parenchyma cells were divided and enlarged after 2 days of culture. Cortex parenchyma cells were divided and meristematic nodules were developed from these cells after 4 days of culture. Finally, callus formed on outside of cortex and epidermis by division of meristematic nodules after 7 days of culture.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.124-132
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• 2015

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (purple cone flower) is an important medicinal plant; it can enhance immunity, relieve pain, and reduce inflammation, and also has hormonal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Adventitious root biomass of Echinacea purpurea was produced in commercial-scale bioreactors for use as a dietary supplement in the food industry and in traditional medicine. Biosafety and toxicological evaluations of tissue-cultured Echinacea purpurea adventitious roots (TCEPARs) were performed. Reverse mutation and chromosomal aberration tests showed no significant mutagenicity. Furthermore, repeated four-week oral dose tests performed in Sprague-Dawley rats did not show any notable changes in the general behavior of the rats, in the gross appearance of their internal organs, or in their mortality rate. There were no differences between the control group and the treatment group in parameters such as absolute body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, and absolute and relative organ weights. These findings indicate that TCEPARs are safe and nontoxic when consumed at an average dietary level and can be used as raw material for traditional medicine and the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.303-309
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• 2013

This study was performed to clarify the effect of medium compositions and plant growth regulators on the shoot, root formation and growth of 'Jarang' grape for mass propagation of virus-free plant. The formation and growth of shoot were considerably favorable in half-concentration of MS medium. However, the formation of adventitious root per explants (avg. 2.1) was effective in higher concentration (two times) of MS medium. For sucrose concentration, 1% for the shoot formation, 3% for the adventitious root formation and 1% for the growth were observed as yield significant results. With the addition of 0.05% of activated carbon, the shoot growth was improved, and it was effective for the adventitious root formation and growth as well. A pH of 6.8 in the medium was the most suitable for mass propagation; the results showed significant enhancement in the number of nodes and the length of the shoot, 3.9 and 1.3 cm, respectively. The shoot growth was the most vigorous in BA 1.0 mg/L due to the impact of the growth regulator on the mass propagation in it. Consequently, 16.9 shoots per explant were formed in NAA 1.0 mg/L so good results were obtained.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.167-182
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• 2014

Korean Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is a well-known and one of the most important tonic herbs used in traditional Korean medicine. The pharmacological effects of P. ginseng have been reported by many researchers. Nevertheless, little is known between the mechanism of action and the active compounds. In this study, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis and protein categorization in order to understand the physiological characteristics of the major components in the adventitious roots of P. ginseng. Whole proteins extracted from the cultured adventitious roots of P. ginseng were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Among the 1000 spots which were detected by silver staining, 113 spots were labeled and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Our results showed that 40 proteins were identified among the 113 spots, with a hit ratio of 35.3%. A number of proteins identified on the 2-DE gels (30%; 16 spots) were involved in energy metabolism. These proteomic data will be helpful to better understand the physiological and pharmacological effects of P. ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.504-508
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• 1983

To define the effects of synthetic auxins on rooting from the ginseng stern cutting and the root growth in diameter after the rooting of the cuttings, stern cuttings with palmate leaves obtained from seedlings and 2-year old ginseng plants were planted in rooting media treated with solutions of the synthetic auxins. All the roots induced from the cuttings were adventitious fibrous roots at first, but a few adventitious roots of the cutting were thickened in diameter to over 2 to 3mm at 120 days after cutting and the rest of them disappeared. IBA was the most effective auxin for rooting and root growth in diameter after rooting from the cuttings. The shape of the roots that thickened in diameter could be divided into two types. Both types of thickened roots were fully lignified at 120 days after cutting and those thickened roots did not dry up or die by July of the next year, however no rhyzomes or shoot primodia were induced from them.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 2018

To determine whether metabolite fingerprinting for whole cell extracts based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) can be used to discriminate and compare metabolic equivalence, standard medicinal parts of Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl. and their adventitious roots were subjected to FT-IR. The principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) from FT-IR spectral data showed that whole metabolic pattern from the adventitious root of Cynanchum wilfordii was highly similar to its standard medicinal parts. These results clearly showed that mass proliferation of adventitious roots could be applied for the novel supply of standard medicinal parts of medicinal plants. Furthermore, FT-IR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis established in this study could be applied as an alternative tool for discriminating of whole metabolic equivalence from standard medicinal parts. Thus, it is proposed that these metabolic discrimination systems from the adventitious root of Cynanchum wilfordii could be applied for metabolic standardization of in vitro grown Cynanchum wilfordii.