• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.71-80
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• 2020

This paper provides a brief review of the advanced technologies for carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT), with a focus on current developments. Compared to photon beam therapy, treatment using heavy ions, especially a carbon beam, has potential advantages due to its physical and biological properties. Carbon ion beams with high linear energy transfer demonstrate high relative biological effectiveness in cell killing, particularly at the Bragg peak. With these unique properties, CIRT allows for accurate targeting and dose escalation for tumors with better sparing of adjacent normal tissues. Recently, the available CIRT technologies included fast pencil beam scanning, superconducting rotating gantry, respiratory motion management, and accurate beam modeling for the treatment planning system. These techniques provide precise treatment, operational efficiency, and patient comfort. Currently, there are 12 CIRT facilities worldwide; with technological improvements, they continue to grow in number. Ongoing technological developments include the use of multiple ion beams, effective beam delivery, accurate biological modeling, and downsizing the facility.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.88-91
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• 2016

Pancreatic cancer is the lethal disease and the prognosis of pancreatic cancer has remained largely unchanged over the past years. Borderline advanced pancreatic cancer is a biological different from resectable pancreatic cancer due to higher risk of early recurrence because of artery/vein abutment. Therefore this unique subset of pancreatic cancer has a controversial issue with regard to their treatment policy. Some institutes managed borderline advanced pancreatic cancer by up-front neoadhuvant chemotherapy because neoadjuvant chemotherapy provide the opportunity to treat early micro-metastasis with unfavorable tumor biology. But, some institutes try aggressive up-front surgical procedures to provide a chance of long-term survival in highly selected patients. Therefore this unique subset of pancreatic cancer has a controversial issue with regard to their treatment policy. This review address recent treatment trend for patients with borderline advanced pancreatic cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2583-2585
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• 2016

Objectives: To evaluate efficacy and toxicity in patients with advanced lung cancer, including non-small cell and small cell variants (NSCLC and SCLC), treated with thalidomide plus chemotherapy. Methods: Fourteen patients with advanced lung cancer were scheduled to receive chemotherapy combined with thalidomide. All patients in this study received thalidomide (100 mg orally per night before sleeping, produced by Changzhou Pharmaceutical Factory Co.Ltd) after the start of chemotherapy for at least 14 days. Chemotherapy was administered according to the condition of patients. After at least 14 days of treatment, efficacy and toxicity were evaluated. Results: There were 6 female and 8 male patients with advanced lung cancer recruited into this study, including 2 with SCLC and 12 with NSCLC. The median age was 56.7 (44-65) years. Progressive disease was observed in 12 patients (12/14), and stable disease in 2 (2/14). Grade 1 to 2 myelosuppression was observed in 4/14 patients, and Grade 1 to 2 elevation of hepatic enzymes was recorded in 5/14 patients. Adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract were documented in 2/14 patients, all beingGrade 1. No Grade 3-4 toxicity was recorded. No treatment related deaths occurred. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that thalidomide combined with chemotherapy is mildly effective and safe for treating patients with advanced lung cancer. However, further evaluation of this combination is warranted.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1999

Graphitization of cementite in high carbon steels at subcritical temperature is reported. We have studied about the effects of Ni in these steels on graphitization. The chemical compositions of the specimens were Fe-(0.54, 0.7)%-C-1.0%Si-0.1%Mn-(0.2~1.0)%Ni. After annealing at $650^{\circ}C$, $680^{\circ}C$ and $700^{\circ}C$ during various time the microstructures and hardness change were observed. In order to recover the initial hardness of high carbon steel, dissolution treatment of graphite was performed at $870^{\circ}C$. In case of 0.7%C steel, graphitization was accelerated rather 1.0%Ni addition steel than 0.2% and 0.54%Ni addition steels but the graphite is coarser. In case of 0.54%C-0.2%Ni steel, graphite particles were distributed relatively homogeniously and finely. Nickel addition promotes graphitization of these steels but makes graphite blocky.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2015

Background: The current study examined health-related quality of life (QoL) for patients with esophageal/gastric cardia precursor lesions or cancer before and after treatment to facilitate improved prevention and treatment. Materials and Methods: Patients with different stages of esophageal/gastric cardia lesions completed two QoL questionnaires, EORTC QLQ-C30 and supplemental QLQ-OES 18, before primary treatment, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after treatment. Results: Fifty-nine patients with precursor lesions, 57 with early stage cancer, and 43 with advanced cancer responded to our survey. Patients with precursor lesions or early stage cancer reported better QoL overall than those with advanced cancer before treatment (p<0.01). Global QoL scores before treatment and at 1 month after treatment were $71{\pm}9$ versus $69{\pm}9$ (p>0.01), $71{\pm}8$ versus $61{\pm}11$ (p<0.01), $67{\pm}11$ versus $62{\pm}9$ (p<0.01) for three stages of lesions. At 6 months after treatment, some QoL measures recovered gradually in precursor lesion and early cancer patients, while some continuously deteriorated in advanced cancer patients. At 12 months, all QoL scores were comparable to baseline for patients with precursor lesions (p>0.01), while global QoL, social, pain, and insomnia scores for early stage and advanced cancer were inferior to corresponding baseline levels (difference between means>5, p<0.01). At this time point, compared with patients with early stage cancer, those with advanced cancer showed worse QoL with all function and most symptom measures (p<0.01). Conclusions: Patients with precursor lesions or early stage esophageal/gastric cardia cancer show better QoL than those with advanced cancer. This indicates that screening, early diagnosis and treatment may improve the QoL for esophageal/gastric cardia cancer patients. Target intervention and counseling should be given by health care providers during treatment and follow-up to facilitate QoL improvement.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.253-259
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• 2023

Bioreactors are devices used by sewage treatment plants to process sewage and which produce active sludge, and sediments separated by solid-liquid are treated in anaerobic digestion tanks. In anaerobic digestion tanks, the volume of active sludge deposits is reduced and biogas is produced. After dehydrating the digestive sludge generated after anaerobic digestion, anaerobic digested wastewater, which features a high concentration of organic matters, is generated. In this study, the decomposition of organic carbon and nitrogen was studied by advanced oxidation process. Ozone-microbubble flotation process was used for oxidation pretreatment. During ozonation, the TOC decreased by 11.6%. After ozone treatment, the TOC decreased and the removal rate reached 80.4% as a result of the Ultra Violet-Advanced Oxidation Process (UV-AOP). The results with regard to organic substances before and after treatment differed depending on the organic carbon index, such as CODMn, CODCr, and TOC. Those indexes did not change significantly in ozone treatment, but decreased significantly after the UV-AOP process as the linkage treatment, and were removed by up to 39.1%, 15.2%, and 80.4%, respectively. It was confirmed that biodegradability was improved according to the ratio of CODMn to TOC. As for the nitrogen component, the ammonia nitrogen component showed a level of 3.2×10² mg/L or more, and the content was maintained at 80% even after treatment. Since most of the contaminants are removed from the treated water and its transparency is high, this water can be utilized as a resource that contains high concentrations of nitrogen.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.287-291
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• 2016

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy was investigated. Heat treatment of cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted by solution treatment at $950^{\circ}C$ for 30 min; this was followed by water quenching and then aging at $550^{\circ}C$ for 1 to 1440 min. The highest hardness of the heat-treated specimens was obtained by solution treatment and subsequent aging for 5 min due to precipitates of fine ${\alpha}$ that formed from retained ${\beta}$ phase. The tensile strength of this alloy increased without dramatic decrease of the ductility due to microstructural refinement resulting from the decomposition of ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ martensite into fine ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ phases, and also due to the fine ${\alpha}$ phase formed from the retained ${\beta}$ phase by aging treatment for 5 min. In addition, this strengthening might be caused by the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, which is a strain-induced martensite transformation from the retained ${\beta}$ phase during deformation, and which occurs even after aging treatment at $550^{\circ}C$ for 5 min.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.300-304
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• 2012

It has a limitation to satisfy the phosphorus effluent criteria of 0.2 mg/L which will be reinforced from 2012 with the Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) process. The chemical coagulation process has been operated in parallel with the biological treatment process for advanced treatment of phosphorous in the developed countries including Europe. However, the coagulation process has some disadvantages such as the desired goal may not be achieved without injecting the optimum dosage of the coagulant. This study developed the automatic control system to inject the optimum dosage of phosphorous coagulant into the coagulation process. The adopted coagulant was 10% Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) in this study. The automatic control system developed in this study was adopted for the treatment of the phosphorus from the effluent in SBR process. The automatic control system was composed of the data receiving part, the optimum coagulant dosage control part and the data transmit part. The result of the phosphorous advanced treatment of the SBR effluent using the automatic control system showed the removing efficiency over 95% consistently with the phosphorous concentration under 0.02 ~ 0.15 mg/L. The reproducibility analysis for checking the safety of automatic control system showed more than 95% correlation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.94-103
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• 2020

This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) on the deteriorated surface of AISI SUS316L additively manufactured (AM) using the powder bed fusion (PBF) technique. Specifically, the effects of UNSM conditions on surface topology, hardness, and anti-corrosion were examined. Before UNSM treatment, the stainless steel 316L powder was processed via the PBF machine to prepare a substrate. We observed surface changes due to UNSM treatments in PBF SUS316L substrates and examined the correlation between topology changes, roughness, hardness, and anti-corrosion. After UNSM treatment, the coarse as-built surface was refined, and a regular micro-profile was implemented. Compared to the non-treated PBF sample, the waviness and roughness of the surfaces after UNSM treatment decreased by up to 56.0% and 94.5%, respectively, and decreased further as the interval decreased. The hardness improved by up to 63.0% at a maximum depth of 500 ㎛ from top surface by the UNSM treatment. The results of the corrosion test showed that the corrosion resistance of the UNSM specimens was moderately improved compared to that of the untreated surface. This study confirmed that UNSM is an effective post-processing technique for additively manufactured parts.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

Salt bath heat treatment is usually used but recently vacuum heat treatment is increased for the heat treatment of hot work die steels. The differences in two heat treatment processes were compared by testing the mechanical properties of heat treated products. With two different features of processes, mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and impact strength of products show very different results. In this study salt bath heat treated products showed higher tensile strength and impact strength than vacuum heat treated products but hardness was not much different. These lower mechanical properties of vacuum heat treated products are due to differences in heating and quenching process.