• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2010

This review aimed to assist clinicians in the identification and assessment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with an emphasis on diagnostic and rating instruments. Pubmed and RISS were utilized to identify relevant studies and critical reviews on the diagnosis and assessment of adult ADHD, published between 1988 and 2010. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-v1.1, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale, and the Current Symptoms Scale have been utilized for self-reporting of current ADHD symptoms. The Brown ADD Rating Scale, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Current Symptoms Scale, and the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale have also been evaluated by an observer. The Childhood Symptom Scale and the Wender-Utah Rating Scale have been used for retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD symptoms and the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale, the Adult Interview, the Brown ADD Diagnostic Form, the Conners adult ADHD diagnostic interview for DSM-IV, and the Wender-Reimherr Interview have been available as comprehensive diagnostic interviews. There is a wide variety of instruments available with respect to adult ADHD. The choice of appropriate instruments is essential for achieving accurate diagnosis and assessment of this disorder.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2022

Purpose : This systematic review examined evidence published 2000-2021 for occupational therapy interventions for adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adult ADHD). Methods : In order to find out the studies on the effect occupational therapy intervention on individuals with adult ADHD, studies published from 2000 to February 2022 were searched on Google Academic Search. The keywords used were "adult ADHD" AND "Occupational therapy". A total of 785 studies were searched, and from these, 3 studies were selected based on the application of the selection and exclusion criteria. The included studies comprised of 1 Quasi-experimental design study(one group pre-post test) and 2 randomized controlled trials design studies. The included studies were analyzed in PICO(patients, intervention, comparison, outcomes). Results : As a result of analysing the subjects of the included studies, subjects diagnosed with adult ADHD or classified as high-risk group in Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale test, the number of subjects was 97, and the average age was about 33 years old. Occupational therapy intervention methods for adult ADHD include Tailored Intervention, Computerized Cognitive Training, and Cognitive-Functional Intervention. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was the most used to check the symptoms of ADHD, and the COPM was used the most to measure the effects of occupational therapy interventions. The dependent variables of occupational therapy intervention were occupational performance, quality of life, executive function (behavioral regulation, metacognition), self-regulation function, stress management, and sustained attention. The effect of the intervention was statistically significant in 78.5% of the total. Conclusion : It is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic data for evidence-based practice for occupational therapists to apply adult ADHD interventions. In the field of occupational therapy in Korea, research on various interventions that can improve the occupational performance of adults ADHD should be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2014

Objectives : Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is often comorbid with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychiatric illnesses. When associated with other mental problems, the prognosis of the AUD can be more serious. This study shows research on the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics according to whether or not ADHD symptoms and AUD were comorbid. Methods : A total of 64 adult inpatients who completed AUD scales about adult ADHD, alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness. They also completed neuropsychological tests about attention and executive function. According to the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale score, patients were categorized into two groups (ADHD symptom positive/negative group). Results : Fourteen among the 64 subjects were part of the ADHD symptom positive group (21.9%). They had statistically significant shorter abstinence periods and a higher rate of history of 'rule violation during school' and 'physical damage in childhood' compared to the ADHD symptom negative group. Conclusion : The comorbidity rate with ADHD symptom in adult AUD is higher than the general population. The ADHD symptom positive group suffered from more severe and refractory AUD. Considering the more frequent history of rule violation during school in the ADHD symptom positive group, the association between ADHD and AUD may be mediated by conduct disorder. Therefore we suggest the necessity of careful evaluation and intervention in children and adolescents with ADHD and conduct disorder.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.407-414
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• 2018

Objective: Anxiety has been shown to influence functional impairment in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to compare functional impairment in subjects with and without adult ADHD and to investigate the associations among trait anxiety, functional impairment, and ADHD symptom severity. Moreover, the effects of ADHD symptom subtypes on trait anxiety and functional impairment were also examined. Methods: The sample included 209 adults between the ages of 20 and 31 years. Fifty-one adults received a diagnosis of ADHD, and an additional age, sex-matched group of 51 adults comprised the adult control. Participants were assessed with Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Spielberg Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). The relationships among ADHD severity, anxiety, and functional impairment were investigated using Pearson's correlation analysis. Subtypes of ADHD symptoms that predicted anxiety and functional impairment were investigated using regression analyses. Results: Adult ADHD patients significantly differed from normal control subjects according to BDI, STAI-T, and SDS assessment. Significant positive correlations were noted between ADHD severity, anxiety, and functional impairment. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed anxiety as a mediator between functional impairment and ADHD CAARS symptom subscales. Conclusion: Patients with adult ADHD showed higher levels of anxiety, depression, and functional impairment. Additionally, ADHD symptoms and anxiety impacted subject functional impairment. Our results suggest that anxiety may be a strong mediator between ADHD severity and functional impairment.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2018

본 연구는 성인 ADHD 성향이 자아존중감과 알코올 중독에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 대구광역시 및 경상북도에 소재하고 있는 성인 433명을 대상으로 한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성인 ADHD 성향에 따라 자아존중감과 알코올 중독의 차이를 알아본 결과, 자아존중감과 알코올 중독의 하위요인에서 모두 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 성인 ADHD가 높을수록 자아존중감의 상위집단의 점수가 낮았고, 알코올 중독은 상위집단의 점수가 높았다. 둘째, 성인 ADHD 성향과 자아존중감 및 알코올 중독의 상관관계를 알아본 결과, 자아존중감은 높은 음의 상관관계를 보였고 알코올 중독은 낮은 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 하위요인에 따라 차이가 있었다. 셋째, 성인 ADHD 성향이 자아존중감과 알코올 중독에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 하위요인에 따라 차이가 있었다. 따라서 성인 ADHD 성향이 자아존중감과 알코올 중독의 이차적인 문제에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 낮은 자아존중감과 알코올 중독의 원인이 ADHD가 될 수 있고 이는 다각적이고 통합적인 예방과 치료프로그램 개발이 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1937-1945
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• 2015

본 논문은 대학생들의 과잉행동성충동장애 증상 출현율과 우울과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 대학생 350명을 대상으로 Conners 과잉행동성충동장애 평정척도와 Beck 우울척도를 이용한 조사를 실시하였다. 대학생들의 과잉행동성충동장애 증상 출현율은 5.1%이였고 그 중 부주의형이 가장 높았다. 우울 정도는 $8.38{\pm}6.86$점이었고 여학생이 남학생보다 우울정도가 높았으며, 보통 우울증상과 심한 우울증상자는 2.1%이었다. 과잉행동성충동장애가 우울에 영향을 주는 모형 설명력은 33.5%로 다소 높았으며, 과잉행동성충동장애 증상과 우울 증상의 공존율은 전체 학생 중 3.1%로 나타나서, 대학생들의 성인 과잉행동성충동장애 증상 출현율과 우울은 관계가 있는 것으로 보인다. 성인 과잉행동성충동장애로 인한 다양한 문제를 고려하면 이에 대한 사회적 차원의 대책 수립이 필요한 것으로 보인다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.101-113
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• 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this scoping review is to suggest future treatment and research directions for adult ADHD by examining domestic trends in Korean research on adults with ADHD tendencies. Methods: The present review used Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology. Eight domestic databases were used, and a search was conducted in July 2023 while targeting domestic papers that had been published within the last 20 years. Subject keywords included 'College student', 'Soldier', and 'Adult', and the subject-related terms that were searched for included 'ADHD'. Results: From 502 initially collected articles, 78 were ultimately selected for analysis in this work. Domestic research related to adult ADHD has been steadily conducted since 2000, and most such research has been done in psychology. Regarding the research participants, those in their 20s were the most common age group, and college students accounted for more than half of participants. In terms of study design, survey studies were the most common, while there was a lack of studies on intervention. The subject most closely dealt with in ADHD studies was interpersonal relationships, followed by depression and addiction. The main intervention used in this study was cognitive behavioral therapy, however it was limited in number. Conclusions: More multifaceted studies on adult ADHD need to be conducted using various research methodologies, and there is also a need for more studies using interventions. It is also important for such research to be expanded to broader geographic areas, ages, and occupations.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.928-938
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• 2015

Purpose: This study explored the effects of neurofeedback training on Electroencephalogram (EEG), Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students. Methods: Two hundred forty seven college students completed Korean Version of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-K) and Korean Version of Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI). The 16 participants who ranked in the top 25% of CAARS-K score and had 16 less of K-BDI score participated in this study. Among them, 8 participants who are fit for the research schedule were assigned to neurofeedback training group and 8 not fit for the research schedule to the control group. All participants completed Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement at pretest. The neurofeedback group received 15 neurofeedback training sessions (5 weeks, 3 sessions per week). The control group did not receive any treatment. Four weeks after completion of the program, all participants completed CAARS-K, Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement for post-test. Results: The neurofeedback group showed more significant improvement in EEG, CPT performance and ADHD symptoms than the control group. The improvements were maintained at follow up. Conclusion: Neurofeedback training adjusted abnormal EEG and was effective in improving objective and subjective ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.398-408
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• 2021

본 연구는 성인 ADHD 경향과 스마트폰 중독 간의 관계에서 정서조절곤란과 지각된 사회적 지지의 매개 효과를 검증하였다. 이를 위해 서울, 경기지역에 거주하는 20, 30대 성인 남녀 348명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 사용하여 전반적인 기술통계분석을 하였고, 이후 AMOS와 Mplus를 사용하여 상관분석, 구조방정식 모형검증과 매개 효과 분석을 시행하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성인 ADHD 경향은 정서조절곤란과 스마트폰 중독과 유의미한 정적 상관을 보였으나, 지각된 사회적 지지와는 부적 상관을 보였다. 둘째, 성인 ADHD 경향과 스마트폰 중독과의 관계에서 정서조절곤란은 부분 매개 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 성인 ADHD 경향과 스마트폰 중독 관계에서 정서조절곤란과 지각된 사회적 지지는 이중 매개 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 성인 ADHD 경향과 스마트폰 중독에 영향을 미치는 중요한 변인으로 정서조절곤란이라는 것을 확인했으며, 정서조절곤란의 어려움을 극복하고 사회적 지지를 증진 시켜 회피적인 대체활동인 스마트폰 중독을 낮출 수 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점과 향후 연구의 필요성이 논의되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the psychiatric comorbidity status of adult patients diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and determine the impact of comorbidities on neuropsychological outcomes in ADHD. Methods: The study participants were 124 adult patients with ADHD. Clinical psychiatric assessments were performed by two board-certified psychiatrists in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. All participants were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus version 5.0.0 to evaluate comorbidities. After screening, neuropsychological outcomes were assessed using the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) and the Korean version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (K-WAIS-IV). Results: Mood disorders (38.7%) were the most common comorbidity of ADHD, followed by anxiety (18.5%) and substance use disorders (13.7%). The ADHD with comorbidities group showed worse results on the Perceptual Organization Index and Working Memory Index sections of the K-WAIS than the ADHD-alone group (p=0.015 and p=0.024, respectively). In addition, the presence of comorbidities was associated with worse performance on simple visual commission errors in the CAT tests (p=0.024). Conclusion: These findings suggest that psychiatric comorbidities are associated with poor neuropsychological outcomes in adult patients with ADHD, highlighting the need to identify comorbidities in these patients.