• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.2461-2476
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• 2013

To assess environmental contamination with carcinogens, carbonaceous compounds, water-soluble ionic species and trace gaseous species were identified and quantified every three hours for three days st three different atmospheric layer at the heart of chiang-Mai, bangkok and hat-Yai from December 2006 to February 2007. A DRI model 2001 Themal/Optical Carbon Analyzer with the IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) protocol was used to quantify the organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon content in $PM_{10}$. Diurnal and vertical variability was also carefully investigated. In general, OC and EC contenttration shoeed the highest values at the monitoring period o 21.00-00.00 as consequences of human activities at night bazaar coupled with reduction of mixing layer, decreased wind speed and termination of photolysis nighttime. Morning peaks of carboaceous compounds were observed during the sampling period of 06:00 -09:00, emphasizing the main contribution of traffic emission in the three cities. The estimation of incremental lifetime partculate matter exposure (ILPE) raises concern of high risk of carbonaceous accumulation over workers and residents living close to the observatory sites. The average values of incremental lifrtime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) of total carbon at Baiyoke Suit Hotel and Baiyoke Sky Hotel are approsimately ten time shigher then those air sample collected at prince of songkla University Hat-Yai campus corpse incinerator and fish-can maufacturing factory but only slightly higher than those of rice straw burnig in Songkla province. This indicates a high risk of developing lung cancer and other respiratory diseases across workers and residents living in high buildings located in Pratunam area. Using knowledge of carbonaceous fractions in $PM_{10}$, one can estimate the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Dachs-Eisenreich model highlights the crucial role of adsorption in gas-particle partitioning of low molecular weight PAHs, whereas both absorption and adsorption tend to account for gas-particle partitioning of high molecular weight PAHs in urban residential zones of Thailand. Interestingly, the absorption mode alone plays a minor role in gas-partcle partitiining of PAHs in Chiang-Mai, Bangkok and hat-Yai.

• 분석과학
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.542-551
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• 2005

본 연구는 벽지 종류 및 방출기간에 따른 방출농도특성을 알아보고자 소형챔버법으로 방출시험을 수행하였다. 방출시험을 통해 측정 분석된 TVOC와 HCHO의 평균농도는 각각 $1.1mg/m^2{\cdot}h$, $0.01mg/m^2{\cdot}h$로 나타났으며, 25개 벽지 모두 현 방출기준을 만족하였다. TVOC 방출농도를 보면 PVC 벽지, 천연 벽지, Non-PVC 벽지 순으로 나타났으며, HCHO는 벽지 종류에 상관없이 아주 낮은 농도로 검출되었다. 정성된 45종 개별 VOC에 대한 성분별 기여도순을 보면 파라핀계 탄화수소, 방향족 탄화수소, 올레핀계 탄화수소였으며, 그 중 파라핀계 탄화수소는 90% 이상의 기여율을 보였으며, 독성이 강한 할로겐화 탄화수소는 검출되지 않았다. PVC 벽지는 다른 벽지에 비해 방출량이 많았으며, 톨루엔은 천연벽지 보다 10배 정도 높은 농도를 보였다. 한편, 방출시간 경과에 따른 방출농도는 점차적으로 감소하는 경향을 보여주었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2001

각 지역의 겨울철 강수인 눈의 산성도와 화학적 조성과 산림지역의 임내ㆍ외 강설의 특성을 비교 분석하고자 대관령 지역(강원도 평창군 도암면 횡계리) 운교 지역(강원도 평창군 방림면 운교리)을 대상으로 강설을 채취하여 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 조사 지역의 강설을 채취하여 적설량과 pH의 관계를 보면, 두 지역 모두 적설량이 적을 때는 pH의 변화 분포가 크게 나타났으며, 적설량이 증가할수록 pH가 안정되는 경향을 보였다. 이와 같은 결과는 강우현상에 있어 국지적인 환경에 따른 대기중의 부유물질 중에서 산성물질의 흡착비율이 달라짐을 의미함과 동시에 광역적으로 분포하는 산성물질의 유입도 고려해야 한다는 연구(나춘기와 정재일, 1997)와 유사한 것으로 강설의 경우에도 적용할 수 있다고 판단하였다. 2. 각 조사 지역의 강설 중 임외 강설과 임내 강설의 이온농도 변화는 전체적으로 임내에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이 중에서 양이온의 경우는 $Ca^{2+}$, 음이온은 NO$_{3}$$^{-}$, SO$_{4}$$^{2-}$ , Cl$^{-}$ 모두가 증가의 양상을 보였다. 3. 이러한 결과를 기초로 하여 각 이온농도간의 편차와 상호관계를 파악하기 위해서 각 이온간의 상관성과 요인분석을 실시하여 비교하는 것이 각 지역 강설의 화학적 특성을 구명할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2001년도 정기총회 및 제3회 특별지포지움
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• pp.57-74
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• 2001

유류오염 토양${\cdot}$지하수의 위해성은 널리 알려져 있다. 따라서 오염부지에 대한 조사 및 복원방법도 많이 개발되어 적용되고 있다. 그러나 유류는 그 종류가 다양하고 지중에 스며들면 그 성분들이 휘발, 흡착, 용해, 생분해 그리고 지하수 유동에 따른 확산 등 다양한 기작에 의해서 거동하게 되므로, 조사와 공법 적용 시에는 이에 대한 충분한 이해가 필요하다. 따라서 부지조사시 조사항목의 선정은 물론이고 오염성분 및 농도조사를 위한 시료 채취과정도 매우 중요하다. 또한 공법 선정과 설계 시에는 오염성분의 종류와 농도 외에도, 지층의 구성과 부지의 입지특성 등을 세밀히 파악하고, 관계법령의 숙지, 그리고 복원공사 실시 후 발생할 수 있는 문제의 검토에 이르기까지 체계적인 관찰이 필요하다. 본 고에서는 부지조사방법과 복원공법 선정과정에 대해서 실제 공사 사례를 인용하여 서술하였다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2010

Traditional simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) and solid-phase micro extraction(SPME) methods using GC/MS were compared for their effectiveness in the extraction of volatile flavor compounds from different tobacco leaves types(flue-cured, burley, oriental). The major volatile flavor compounds of flue-cured and burley tobacco were similar such as neophytadiene, solanone, megastigmatrienone isomers, ${\beta}$-damascenone and ${\beta}$-ionone. On the other hand, volatile flavor compounds such as norambreinolide, sclareolide were specifically identified in oriental tobacco. Each method was used to evaluate the responses of some analytes from real samples and standards in order to provide sensitivity comparisons between two techniques. Among three types of SPME fibers such as PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane), PA(Polyacrylate) and PDMS/DVB (Polydimethylsiloxane/Divinylbenzene) which were investigated to determine the selectivity and adsorption efficiency, PDMS/DVB fiber was selected for the extractions of the volatile flavor compounds due to its effectiveness. The qualitative analysis showed that the total amount of volatile flavor compounds in SDE method(130 species) was much more than that in SPME method(85 species). SPME method was more efficient for all the highly volatile compounds than SDE method, but on the other hand, low-volatile compounds such as fatty acids or high-molecular hydrocabons were detected in SDE method. SPME method based on a short-time sampling can be adjusted to favor a selected group compounds in tobacco. Furthermore this results could be used to estimate the aroma characteristics of cigarette blending by using a different type of tobacco with more effectiveness and convenience.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2019

This study was conducted to examine the components of phytoncide from a pine forest in the southern temperate zone. Recent studies have found that a large amount of phytoncide is released not only from cypress trees but also from pine trees. Because the amount released is the highest during summer, we selected a warm climate region in the southern temperate zone and measured the concentration in the month of August. To capture the phytoncide from the forest atmosphere, we used the adsorption tube method with a mini pump and successfully gathered 9 L of forest air at a flow rate of 150 mL/min. We performed duplicate sampling from two different tubes installed at the same location and derived the mean value. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometer detector with thermal desorption spectroscopy was utilized to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses of the captured material. The results showed that the average phytoncide particle of the pine forest in the southern temperate zone contained a number of components as follows in descending order: ${\alpha}$-Pinene (39%, $0.28ng/m^3$), followed by ${\beta}$-Pinene (16%, $0.11ng/m^3$), D-Limonene (8%, $0.06ng/m^3$), camphor (6%, $0.04ng/m^3$), camphene (6%, $0.04ng/m^3$), and p-Cymene (5%, $0.04ng/m^3$). There were also 13 additional phytoncide components in trace amounts. The results of this study are expected to provide a useful dataset for building a "Healing-forest".

• 분석과학
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.544-552
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• 2006

본 논문은 소형챔버법을 이용해 바닥재 종류에 따른 방출농도특성을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 환경학적 관심사가 높은 개별 휘발성유기화합물(VOC) 및 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOC)을 측정대상물질로 선정하여 HPLC 및 GC/MSD를 이용하여 분석하였다. 바닥재에서 방출된 TVOC 및 포름알데히드(HCHO)의 평균방출농도는 각각 $0.3mg/m^2{\cdot}h$와 $0.2mg/m^2{\cdot}h$로 나타났으며 37개 바닥재 모두 방출기준을 만족하는 것으로 조사되었다. TVOC 방출농도는 PVC Sheet, PVC Tile, 마루 순으로 나타났으며, 반면 HCHO 방출농도는 PVC 계열보다 마루 제품에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다.

• 분석과학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.165-173
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• 2013

본 연구는 실내공기질 분야에 대한 합리적인 숙련도 시험 프로그램 확립을 위해 기체상 표준 물질을 제조하고, 시료 채취 과정을 포함한 숙련도 평가가 타당한 것인지 여부를 검토하였다. 또한 숙련도시료(PTMs; proficiency testing materials)의 균질성 및 안정성 평가를 실시하였다. PTMs의 모든 항목에 대해 시료간 균질도가 $0.3{\sigma}p$ 값보다 낮은 값을 가지는 것으로 나타나 충분히 균질성이 확보 되었다고 판단할 수 있었다. 숙련도 평가를 실시한 결과 고압의 실린더에 제조된 VOCs (volatile organic compounds) 표준가스를 Tenax-TA에 흡착시켜 분배한 시료(A 방법)는 시료농도 50~320 ${\mu}g/m^3$에서 로버스트 상대표준편차(RSD)가 23~43% 이내로 나타났고, 시료채취 과정에 대한 숙련도 시험 포함 여부를 평가하기 위하여 고압의 실린더에 제조된 VOCs 표준가스를 기체상으로 테들라백에 담아 분배한 시료(B 방법)와 고압의 실린더에 제조된 VOCs 표준가스를 분배기를 통하여 시험기관이 직접 흡착관에 채취하게 한 시료(C 방법)는 자일렌을 제외하고, VOCs 각각의 농도 200~1200 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 100~450 ${\mu}g/m^3$에서 로버스트 상대표준편차(RSD)가 각각 13~42%, 16~31% 이내로 나타나 시료채취 과정을 포함한 경우 오히려 낮은 상대표준편차를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 지속적으로 시료 채취 과정을 포함한 숙련도 평가를 실시하여도 타당할 것으로 사료된다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.171-181
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• 2013

In this study, we report the water quality characteristics of pollutants for 4 major tributaries in the Yeongsan and Sumjin river basins using statistical analysis, such as regression equation and factor analysis. The flow rate and water qualtiy data collected from 4 sampling sites(Hwangryoung A, Jiseok A, Chooryeong A, Osu A) in the Yeonsan and Sumjin river basin during the past 3 years were analyzed for 11 parameters(flow rate, dissolved oxgen, pH, water temperature, electric conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen deman, total organic carbon, total nitorgen, total phosphorus, suspended solid). The results showed that the concentrations of BOD, COD, TOC, T-N, T-P in Hwangryoung A(HW) and Jiseok A(JS) of the Yeongsan river basin were decreased as the flow rate was increased. This means that rather than nonpoint soources, point sources affect water quality. In the cases of Chooryeong A(CR) and Osu A(OS) in the Sumjin river basin, howerever, nonpoint sources than point sources are an important factor that affects the water quality. Also, the factor analysis technique was employed to analyze principal component influencing on water quality. The results revealed that the first principal component in HW was correlated with EC, DO, T-N, water temperature. This "nitrogen influx according to seasonal pattern" factor may be interpreted. In JS, the first principal component was correlated with BOD, COD, TOC and is likely to represent "organic matter" processes. In CR and OS, BOD, COD, TOC, SS and T-P were significantly correlated and is considered as representing "Organic matter and adsorption of phosphorus on sediments influx". This study is expected to contribute to the effective pollution control/management of the surfac waters in the study sites.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.523-538
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• 2009

Recently, there has been a keen demand for real-time automatic monitoring of VOCs not only in Korea but other developed countries. We carried out this study to evaluate and to optimize the performance of a continuous automatic monitoring system for hazardous VOCs (HVOCs) in the ambient atmosphere, using an on-line GC system. The online system normally consisted of a Nafion dryer prior to a cold trap of an automatic thermal desorption apparatus and a GC system equipped with two detectors, i.e. PID and ECD. Preliminary tests conducted to check out any contamination of the system revealed an evidence of significant artifact formation of benzene, and it was found that the Nafion dryer (even brand new one) is the source of the benzene artifact. Thus, all the subsequent experiments in this study was carried out inevitably by removing the Nafion dryer. The on-line GC method was investigated with a variety of QC/QA performance criteria such as repeatability, linearity, lower detection limits, and accuracy. In order to find out the best operating condition for the on-line GC system, three different types (in terms of adsorption strength) of cold trap combinations were tested, i.e. (i) Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B combination (weak and hydrophobic); (ii) Tenax-TA, Carbopack-X and Carboxen-1000 combination (strong and hydrophilic); and (iii) Tenax-TA and Carbopack-X combination (medium and hydrophobic/hydrophilic). The USEPA TO-17 manual method was selected as a reference method to evaluate the performance of the on-line method. A series of experiments revealed that the system performance was superior to others when a cold trap packed with hydrophilic adsorbents (Tenax-TA/Carbopack-X/Carboxen-1000 combination) was used and operated at $25^{\circ}C$. However, the system with a cold trap packed with a combination of Tenax-TA and Carbopack-X is more recommended for field applications since the carboxen-1000 adsorbent is too sensitive to water vapor, and hence the performance of the system might be very unstable to humid samples or during rainy days. Furthermore, the precision and accuracy criteria of the Tenax-TA/ Carbopack-X combination were generally compatible with the triple adsorbents cold trap. The continuous automatic monitoring method is, thus, considered very useful to real-time monitoring to understand the variations of VOCs concentrations in ambient air, as it adopts much simpler procedures in sampling, analysis, and data integration steps than manual monitoring methods. However, it should be noted that there is a high possibility of benzene artifacts formation through the Nafion dryer, which is often installed to remove water vapor in air samples before being adsorbed onto the cold trap. Therefore, if a Nafion dryer is used in any studies of monitoring VOCs, the benzene contamination should be carefully examined before carrying out obtaining the data.