• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1985

The extract of Galgun-tang at oral doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed remarkable inhibition of 42.5% and 45.0%, respectively, on the carrageenin edema in rat paw. In case of combined oral administration of the extract at each dose of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg with 100mg/kg of aspirin, the inhibitions were 70.5%, 83.6% and 80.7% respectively. These results showed the remarkable effects as compared with those of aspirin which showed 50.3% and 69.4% of inhibition at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, on the writhing syndrome in mice induced by 0.7% acetic acid solution, the oral administration of the extract showed remarkable inhibition of 18.5 and 47.7% at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, respectively. In case of combined oral administration of the extract at each dose of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg with 100mg/kg of aspirin, the inhibition percentages of writhing syndromes were 66.6, 72.3 and 80.8, respectively, whereas the inhibition at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg of aspirin showed 59.9 and 69.5%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2009

The immunomodulatory activities of the ethanol extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, termed hereafter as GPE, were examined in immunosuppressed mice as well as in normal mice in the present study. Oral administration of GPE into mice prevented dexamethasone (DEX)-induced immunosuppression as determined by the mitogen-induced proliferation of the splenocytes and the the cytokine production (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$) in the whole blood culture. In addition, oral administration of GPE increased antitumor host defense in mice implanted with sarcoma-180 tumor cells. The immunoaugmenting activity of orally administered GPE was also confirmed in mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA). Mice that were orally administered with GPE generated much more potent OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses upon intravenous OVA injection compared to the untreated controls. These results demonstrate that oral administration of the ethanol extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum could be useful to increase host defense in immunocompromised situations such as stress- or tumor-induced immunosuppression.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.433-446
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• 1995

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of water extract and 70% ethanol extract from Gastrodiae Rhizoma on cardiovascular activities and plasma levels of catecholamines in unanaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats. The depressor response in SHR was observed during three to six hour period after an oral administration of water extract from Gastrodiae Rhizoma(GR). There was a statistically significant correlation between the magnitude of the depressor response induced by an oral administration of water extract from GR and the initial control blood pressure level. The increase in blood pressure induced by norepinephrine was less in Wistar rat treated with GR water extract than those without GR extract. No significant change in heart rate was observed in SHR receiving either water extract or ethanol extract from GR. Associated with the depressor response, there was a concomitant reduction in plasma levels of norepinephrine in SHR at 4 hour after an oral administration of water extract from GR. Plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were decreased slightly at 2 hour after an oral administration of ethanol extract from GR. These results suggest that the depressor effect of water extract from GR may be due, in part, to a decreased sympathoadrenal activity.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.184-194
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• 2000

1.Purpose This study was researched in order to investigate the effect of Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami and Kamsuchunilhwan on the obesity in rats. 2. Methods The rats were divided into 10 groups - The normal group fed with normal diet. One of the sample groups fed with high fat diet, and since fifth week had fed with Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami. The other sample groups fed with high fat diet, and since fifth week had fed with Kamsuchunilhwan. The control group fed with high fat diet, and since fifth week had fed sodium chloride. 3. Results 1. The rate of increasing weight was significantly decreased after oral administration of Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami and Kamsuchunilhwan. 2. The rate of feeding effect was not significantly decreased after oral administration of Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami and Kamsuchunilhwan. 3. After oral administration of Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami, the quantities of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride on the serum were significantly decreased but that of lipid peroxide on the serum was significantly increased. 4. After oral administration of Kamsuchunilhwan., the quantities of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride on the serum were significantly decreased but those of HDL cholesterol, lipid peroxide on the serum were significantly increased. 4.Conclusion Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami and Kamsuchunilhwan have significant effects on the obesity in the rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.156-161
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• 2006

The essential oil of Nardostachys jatamansi (Valerianaceae), which has been used for a long time in aroma therapy, was investigated after inhalation or oral administration for its analgesic effect, anticonvulsant action, hypnotic effect and in vitro inhibitory activity on monoamine oxidase. This fragrance oil showed a significant analgesic effect in the phenylquinone-induced .writhing test, suppressed the convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole and lengthened the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in a time-dependent manner after fragrance inhalation or dose-independently by oral administration. Its inhibitory activity on monoamine oxidase was remarkable, showing $49.4\%$ inhibition at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. Six new terpenes with seven known compounds were detected by our GC-MS analytical conditions used. As a result, the essential oil fragrance of Nardostachys jatamansi would be clinically useful for a sedative by either inhalation or oral administration.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.483-487
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• 1994

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of an 1% flurbiprofen gel were evaluated using rats in reference to IV bolus and oral administration of the drug using rats. Following the transdermal application of the gel at the dose of 2 mg/kg as flurbiprofen, the $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ of the drug were $2.14\;{\mu}g/ml$ and 2 hr, respectively, whereas those after the oral administration of the drug as a suspension were $9.90\;{\mu}g/ml$ and 0.25 hr, respectively. These results indicate that, by the transdermal administration fo flubiprofen as the gel, the absorption of the drug was much slowed down and the lower $C_{max}$ compared to the oral administration may reduce the systemic side effects of the drug. The relative bioavailability of the flurbiprofen gel in reference to the oral dose was 48.5%. Tissue levels of flurbiprofen following the application of 50 mg of the 1% flurbiprofen gel onto ventral skin of rats showed that the maximum drug concentrations in the skin $(8.52\;{\mu}g/g)$ and the muscle $(2.06\;{\mu}g/g)$ occurred at 2 hrs postdose. The drug concentration in the both tissues remained relatively constant over the next 6 hrs following the peak concentration.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.607-619
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• 2024

Probiotics are functional microorganisms that exhibit various biological activities, such as allergic reactions, inflammation, and aging. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis CBT BL3 (BL) on the amyloid beta (Aβ)-mediated cognitive impairments. Oral administration of live BL to intracerebroventricularly Aβ-injected mice significantly attenuated short- and long-term memory loss estimated using the Y-maze and Morris water maze tests. We found that expression of apoptosisrelated proteins such as caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase was significantly elevated in the brain tissues of Aβ-injected mouse brains when compared to that of the control mouse group. Interestingly, these expression levels were significantly decreased in the brain tissue of mice fed BL for 6 wk. In addition, the abnormal over-phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK in the brain tissue of intracerebroventricularly Aβ-injected mice was significantly attenuated by oral administration of BL. Taken together, the results indicate that Aβ-induced cognitive impairment may be ameliorated by the oral administration of BL by controlling the activation of MAPKs/apoptosis in the brain. This study strongly suggests that BL can be developed as a functional probiotic to attenuate Aβ-mediated cognitive deficits.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2000

The root extract of pulsatilla koreana has been used as antibacterial, antiparasitic and anti-inflam-matory analgesic agents in Traditional Medicine in Korea. Thus anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of the methanol and water extracts of the root were investigated by administration in oral and intravenous route. From the results, it is concluded that the extracts exhibited the potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions in intravenous administration, but did not show the actions in oral administration in animals.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1997

The effect of $\beta$-glucan as an immunostimulant to increase resistance to bacterial diseases by enhancing non-specific defense mechanism in rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) was examined by oral and bath administration. After oral or bath administration with $\beta$-glucan, the injection challenges with Vibro ordalii, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Edwardsiella tarda were performed to assess $\beta$-glucan efficacy. After injection of V. ordalii, oral administration for 30 days with 1% $\beta$-glucan showed 25% of survival rate. But all control fish died within 3 days after the injection. After injection of S, epidermidis, oral administration group for 20 and 30 days showed a remarkably increased survival rate of 95%. But oral administration of $\beta$-glucan to rockfish did not induce protection against experimental E. tarda infection. $\beta$-Glucan bath administration with or without formalin-killed V. ordalii showed that no protection was observed at 10 days after challenge. The results show that $\beta$-glucan to rockfish was effective to increase survival rate of bacterial infections of S. epidermidis and V. ordalii but not against E. tarda.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atrovasatatin on the pharmacokinetics of nicardipine after oral and intravenous administration of nicardipine to rats. Nicardipine was administered orally (12 mg/kg) or intravenously (i.v., 4 mg/kg) without or with oral administration of atrovasatatin (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) to rats. The effect of atorvastatin on the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) as well as CYP3A4 activity was also evaluated. Atorvastatin inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner with 50% inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 48 ${\mu}M$. Compared to the controls (nicardipine alone), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of nicardipine was significantly (1.0 mg/kg, p<0.05) greater by 16.8-45.4%, and the peak plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) was significantly (1.0 mg/kg, p<0.05) higher by 28.0% after oral administration of nicardipine with atorvastatin, respectively. Consequently, the relative bioavailability (R.B.) of nicardipine was increased by 1.17- to 1.45-fold and the absolute bioavailability (A.B.) of nicardipine with atrovasatatin was significantly greater by 16.7-20.9% compared to that of the controls (14.3%). Compared to the i.v. control, atrovasatatin did not significantly change pharmacokinetic parameters of i.v. administration nicardipine. The enhanced oral bioavailability of nicardipine by atorvastatin suggests that CYP3A subfamily-mediated metabolism were inhibited in the intestine and/or in the liver rather than P-gp-mediated efflux of nicardipine. Based on these results, modification of nicardipine of dosage regimen is required in the patients. Human studies are required to prove the above hypothesis.