• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2015

Based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) a linkage between several variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in intron 3 of SMAD7 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog7) were, rs12953717, rs4464148 and rs4939827 has been noted for susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study we investigated the relationship of rs12953717 and rs4464148 with risk of CRC among 487 Iranian individuals based on a case-control study. Genotyping of SNPs was performed by PCR-RFLP and for confirming the outcomes, 10% of genotyping cases were sequenced with RFLP. Comparing the case and control group, we have found significant association between the rs4464148 SNP and lower risk of CRC. The AG genotype showed decreased risk with and odds ratio of 0.635 (adjusted OR=0.635, 95% CI: 0.417-0.967, p=0.034). There was no significant difference in the distribution of SMAD7 gene rs12953717 TT genotype between two groups of the population evaluated (adjusted OR=1.604, 95% CI: 0.978-2.633, p=0.061). On the other hand, rs12953717 T allele showed a statistically significant association with CRC risk (adjusted OR=1.339, 95% CI: 1.017-1.764, p=0.037). In conclusion, we found a significant association between CRC risk and the rs4464148 AG genotype. Furthermore, the rs12953717 T allele may act as a risk factor. This association may be caused by alternative splicing of pre mRNA. Although we observed a strong association with rs4464148 GG genotype in affected women, we did not detect the same association in CRC male patients.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2007

This study was performed to compare in vitro immune enhancing effects of polysaccharides extracted from cultivated mycelia of Agaricus blazei Murill. Carbohydrate contents of semi-purified polysaccharides were 85.6% and 95.3%, while ${\beta}$-glucan conents were 67.9% and 88.1% for intracellular and extracellular polysaccharide, respectively. Samples were adjusted to the same in their carbohydrate contents before efficacy tests. Both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharide increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis of macrophage RAW 264.7 in dose dependent manner, and the maximum increase rate was 53.9 and 53.1% in intracellular and extraceltular polysaccharide, respectively. The polysaccharides also increased synthesis of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ in RAW 264.7. For all the 3 cytokines, the increase rate of synthesis was much higher in extracellular polysaccharide compared to intracellular polysaccharide, especially at low concentration. Both polysaccarides increased the proliferation of splenocytes in vitro, intracellular polysaccharide showed increase in dose dependent manner while extraceltular polysaccharide showed increase untill medium concentration ($250\;{\mu}g/ml$). They did not show direct cytotoxicity against cancer cells such as B16F0 melanoma. As results, it was regarded that the both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharide from A. blazei showed immune enhancing effects in vitro, but the activity is higher in extracellular polysaccharide compared to intracellular polysaccharide.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.517-526
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the self-resilience, professional self-concept, and major satisfaction on nursing students' adjustment to college life and to present the basic data to assist in healthy adaption of college life. The study included 310 students from two universities in Gwangju and Jeonnam. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the subjects to determine their self-resilience, professional self-concept, major satisfaction, and adjustment to college life with nursing as a major. The data were collected from 1, April, 2016 to 15, April using self-report, questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient, using SPSS 20.0. As a result, self-esteem, professional self-concept, major satisfaction, and adjustment to college life averaged 3.80 (out of 4), 2.81 (4), 3.86 (5), and 2.75 (5) respectively. In terms of correlations, there was a significant positive correlation between adjustment to college life and self-resilience (r=.404, p<.001) and professional self-concept (r=.404, p<.001) and major satisfaction(r=.455, p<.001). In addition, self-resilience (${\beta}=.252$, p<.001) and major satisfaction (${\beta}=.309$, p<.001) of variance in adjustment to college life and the explanatory power of the model was 27.2%. Based on these results, improvement programs are necessary to help nursing students get adjusted to college life.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to develop allometric equations for the estimation of crown fuel biomass of Pinus koraiensis in Korea. A total of twenty four representative sample trees were destructively sampled in Gapyeong, Hongcheon, and Jeongseon. Crown fuels were weighed separately for each fuel category by size class and by living and dead. The results of this study showed that the needles contributed the largest biomass (16.6 kg, 34.7%), followed by live branches with size ranging from 2~4 cm (9.0 kg, 18.9%), 1~2 cm (6.6 kg, 13.8%), <0.5 cm (5.1 kg, 10.6%), 0.5~1 cm (4.9 kg, 10.3%), and dead branches (3.2 kg, 6.8%), while the live branches with 4 cm (2.4 kg, 4.9%) as the lowest. The adjusted coefficient of determination values were the highest ($R^2_{adj}=0.6021{\sim}9742$) and standard error of estimate were the lowest (S.E.E.=0.2018~0.7271) in allometric equation $lnWt={\beta}_0+{\beta}_1lnD$. The available fuels that are consumed during crown fires (i.e., needles and twigs with diameter less than 1 cm) comprised 55.6% of the total crown fuel biomass.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to reveal association between internal marketing and customer orientation. Internal marketing was composed of empowerment, educational training, reward system, internal communication and management support. We thought these factors affect to the consumer orientation. For this study, 191 dental hygienists in Busan, Ulsan and Kyungnam are participated in this study. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS 18.0 program. In conclusion, we obtained the next results. First, the mean of internal marketing behavior was 3.22 out of 5. In terms of sub-domain, educational training (3.88) is the highest, followed by empowerment (3.35), internal communication (3.10), management support (3.05) and reward system (2.79). Second, the internal marketing factors of internal communication, reward system orientation, management support, empowerment, and educational training had positive correlations with customer orientation (r=0.189~0.381). Third, the influencing factor in customer orientation were educational training (${\beta}=0.277$) and empowerment (${\beta}=0.276$), adjusted $R^2=0.202$. As dental patients' desire to medical service quality becomes diversified, the analysis result is considered to help the future dental service management.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2001

Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) are halogenated aromatic compounds with the empirical formula $C_{12}$ $H_{10-n}$C $l_{n}$(n=1~10), and are a mixture of possible 209 different chlorinated congeners. PCBs were widely used as dielectric fluids for capacitors and transformers, plasticizers, lubricant inks and paint addirives. Once released into the environment, PCBs persist for years because they are so resistant to degradation. In addition to their persistence in the environment, PCBs in ecological food chains undergo biomagnification because of their high degree of lipophilicity. In 1970s, the worldwide production of PCBs was ceased and the import of PCBs was prohibited since 1983 in Korea. In spite of these actions, many PCBs seems to be still in use. The environmental load of PCBs will continue to be recycled through air, land, water, and the biosphere for decades to come. This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of PCBs in the serum samples of 112 women by GC/MSD and GC/ECD. The main results of this study were as follows. 1. PCBs were detected in all samples. The mean $\pm$SD levels of PCBs in the serum were 3.613$\pm$0.759 ppb, and median were 3.828 ppb. 2. The correlation coefficients of the concentrations of 13 PCB congeners were from minimum, 0.7913 to maximum, 0.9985, and all was significant(p=0.0001). The correlation coefficient between the concentrations of PCBs and p,p'-DDE was 0.9641(p=0.0001). 3. There was a positive association between age and PCBs' concentrations (simple linear regression ; $R^2$=0.86, $\beta$=0.08023, p<0.001). 4. There was a positive association between total lipids in the serum and PCBs' concentrations (simple linear regression ; $R^2$=0.7058, $\beta$=0.00486, p<0.001). 5. For possible predictors of PCBs and p,p' -DDE levels in the serum, age adjusted model (Y=$\beta$$_{0}$+$\beta$$_1$age+ $B_2$X) was applied. For BMI, major residential area, wether to eat caught fish by angling, where to eat caught fish by angling(by parents in the past), fish consumption, meat consumption, meat consumption, and dairy consumption, there was no association. For total conception frequency and lactation frequency and lactation period, there was negative association.ion.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.77-92
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review depression and anxiety associated with pain during scaling procedures, and to establish measures for reducing scaling pain encompassing not only physical factors but also psychological aspects of patients. This study also attempts to reduce anxiety through proper patient education prior to scaling procedures. Methods: In Seoul, and Gyeonggi area from July 26, 2017 to August 19, 2017, there were 327 copies of questionnaire data collected, excluding 23 questionnaires with insufficient information such as missing entries. The following inductions were made based on data collected. Results: There are positive correlations between pain and depression, dental anxiety, trait anxiety, and state anxiety. Especially, stronger correlation is present between pain and dental anxiety. Depression (${\beta}=0.439$, p<0.001) is the most influential factor associated with pain. Next is dental anxiety (${\beta}=0.292$, p<0.001). Higher the depression and dental anxiety tend to increase pain over scaling procedure. This model is with adjusted explanatory power of 28.2%. Conclusions: The result demonstrates that there is a correlation between scaling pain and depression, dental anxiety, trait anxiety, and state anxiety. Especially, depression and dental anxiety were prominent factors in affecting scaling pain. Therefore, considering aforementioned-findings, a dental hygienist's positive attitude may help in reducing the pain of the patient during scaling procedures, by affecting the psychological state of the patient and reduce the anxiety through proper education prior to scaling procedures.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.2 s.50
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• pp.421-432
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• 1995

The influence of lead exposure on renal function was studied. Eighty nine lead exposed workers who worked in 2 storage battery factories, and seventy one control workers were chosen for this study. Blood lead(PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood(ZPP) were selected as indicators of lead exposure. As indicators of renal function, urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase(NAG), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum creatinine(S-Cr), total protein in urine(U-TP),and serum uric acid(S-Ua) were selected. The results obtained were as follows: 1. While the mean values of lead exposure indicators of lead workers were significantly different from non-exposed ones, the mean values of NAG, U-TP, BUN and S-Cr of renal function indicators of exposed were also significantly different from non-exposed but their mean values were all within normal limits. 2. BUN, logarithmic U-TP, logarithmic NAG and S-Cr showed statistically significant correlation with PbB. 3. The proportion of workers whose values of renal function indicators were over the normal limits(NAG7.5 U/g Cr ; U-TP10.9 mg/dl ; BUN20 mg/dl ; S-Crl.2 mg/dl ; S-Ua7.0 mg/dl) by the level of lead absorption in terms of PbB and ZPP were calculated. The proportion of workers with over the normal limits of U-TP among total workers showed the dose-response relationship. When age is adjusted, U-TP showed significantly strong dose-response relationship with the level of PbB and ZPP.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.234-241
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• 2018

Objectives: To determine the relationships between physical activity (PA), the neighborhood environment support for PA, and social support for PA among Mexican-American women living in South Texas. The Enlace study was a randomized controlled trial that tested the effectiveness of a promotora-led PA intervention among low-income Mexican origin women (n=614) living in colonias. Methods: The dependent measures included accelerometer-measured average moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary breaks and the Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors PA 41-item questionnaire. The independent measures included the Physical Activity and Neighborhood Environment Scale (PANES) and the 13-item Physical Activity Social Support (PASS) scale. Results: Enlace participants were on average 40.4 (standard deviation, 10.3) years old, born in Mexico (86.1%), and uninsured (83.1%). Adjusted linear regression results indicated that each 1-point increment in the PANES overall score was associated with 0.050 (p<0.001) unit increase in sedentary break and a -0.043 (p=0.001) unit decrease in sedentary break duration. Both PANES (${\beta}=0.296$; p=0.002) and PASS scores (${\beta}=0.076$; p<0.001) were associated with weekly average self-reported MVPA. Interaction effects were observed between PASS scores and accelerometer-measured frequency of sedentary breaks and sedentary time duration. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the relationships between PA and built environment and social support are measure-dependent and suggest that reducing sedentary time in this population may require a closer assessment of social support for PA.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.246-255
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was designed to identify factors affecting depression among hospitalized older adults prior to discharge from an acute care hospital. Methods: This descriptive study included adults aged 65 or older who were hospitalized in a general hospital in Seoul, Korea. Depression was measured by the Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale and illness perception was evaluated by the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. Social support was examined using the Perceived Geriatric Social Support Scale. Data were collected from August 25 to October 12, 2015. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: Among a total of 120 participants, 57 patients (47.5%) experienced depression. Mean depression score was $7.37{\pm}3.67$. Depression was associated with illness perception (r=.53, p<.001), social support (r=-.19, p=.043), number of admission due to the recurrence (r=.31, p=.001), and time to recognize discharge plan (r=.25, p=.044). In hierarchical multiple regression, illness perception (${\beta}=.45$, p<.001) and time to recognize discharge plan (${\beta}=.21$, p=.039) were predictors of depression (F=7.68, p<.001, Adjusted $R^2=.38$). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that management of illness perception and timely notice of discharge are important to reduce depression in hospitalized elderly patients.