• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.18-38
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• 2002

A previous study on the model coatings based on latex-bound plastic pigment coatings (1) has been extended to latex-bound No. 1 clay, ultra-fine ground calcium carbonate (UFGCC), and clay-carbonate pigment mixture coatings, which are being widely used in the paper industry. The latex binder used was a good film-forming, monodisperse S/B latex or 0.15$\mu\textrm{m}$. No. 1 clay was representative of plate-like pigment particles, whereas UFGCC was of somewhat rounded rhombohedral pigment particlel. Both of them had negatively skewed triangular particle size distributions having the mean particle suet of 0.7${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and 0.6$\mu\textrm{m}$, respectively. Their packing volumes were found to be 62.5% and 657%, respectively. while their critical pigment volume concentrations (CPVC's) were determined to be 52.7% and 50.5% ( average of 45% caused by the incompatibility and 55.9% extrapolated) by coating porosity, respectively. Each pigment/latex coating system has shown its unique relationship between coating properties and pigment concentrations, especially above its CPVC. Notably, the clay/latex coating system hat shown higher coating porosity than the UFGCC/latex system at high pigment concentrations above their respective CPVC's. It was also found that their coating porosity and gloss were inter-related to each other above the CPVC's, as predicted by the theory. More interestingly, the blends of these two pigments have shown unique rheological and coating properties which may explain why such pigment blends are widely used in the industry. These findings have suggested that the unique structure of clay coatings and the unique high-shear rheology of ground calcium carbonate coatings can be judiciously combined to achieve superior coatings. Importantly, the low-shear viscosity of the blends was indicative of their unique packing and coating structure, whereas their high-shear rheology was represented by a common mixing rule, i.e., a viscosity-averaging. Transmission and scanning electron and atomic force microscopes were used to probe the state of pigment / latex dispersions, coating surfaces, freeze fractured coating cross-sections, and coating surface topography. These microscopic studies complemented the above observations. In addition, the ratio, R, of CPVC/(Pigment Packing Volume) has been proposed as a measure of the binder efficiency for a given pigment or pigment mixtures or as a measure of binder-pigment interactions. Also, a mathematical model has been proposed to estimate the packing volumes of clay and ground calcium carbonate pigments with their respective particle size distributions. As well known in the particle packing, the narrower the particle size distributions, the lower the packing volumes and the greater the coating porosity, regardless of particle shapes.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.52-56
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• 2015

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in conjunction with mirror therapy on the balance function of patients with sub-acute stroke hemiparesis. This study was conducted with 36 subjects who were diagnosed with a hemiparesis due to stroke. Participants in the experimental (19 members) and control groups (17 members) received rTMS and sham rTMS during 10 minute sessions each, which were carried out five days per week for four weeks. This was followed by the mirror therapy over 30 minute sessions, which were carried out five days per week for four weeks. Motor recovery was assessed by balance index, dynamic limits of stability, Berg balance scale, and time up go test. The change values of the balance index ($-2.06{\pm}1.99$ versus $-0.41{\pm}1.11$), dynamic limits of stability ($3.68{\pm}2.71$ versus $1.17{\pm}2.38$), and time up go test ($-7.05{\pm}5.64$ score versus $-3.35{\pm}5.30$ score) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.05). At post-test, balance index ($4.08{\pm}1.14$ versus $5.09{\pm}1.04$), dynamic limits of stability ($13.75{\pm}0.60$ versus $11.73{\pm}3.53$), and time up go test ($23.89{\pm}4.51$ versus $28.82{\pm}3.07$) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.05). In the experimental group, significant differences were found in the pre- and post-test scores for the balance index, dynamic limits of stability, Berg balance scale, and time up go test (p < 0.01). In the control group, a significant difference was observed between the pre- and post-test only for the Berg balance scale and time up go test (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that the application of 1Hz rTMS in conjunction with mirror therapy can be helpful in improving the balance function of patients with sub-acute stroke hemiparesis, and this may be used as a practical adjunct to routine rehabilitation therapy.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.557-564
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• 2021

Background: Conscious sedation is a useful adjunct in the treatment of patients in dentistry; however, a lack of knowledge among the dental profession regarding sedation is a restricting factor in the practice of dental sedation. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice of sedation in dentistry among dental professionals in Tanzania. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted for five months targeting all practicing dental professionals in Tanzania. A modified questionnaire contained 14 questions regarding knowledge about sedative agents and a section on the practice of sedation. The data obtained from this study were coded and entered into a computer program and analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0. The data are presented as frequencies and percentages in tables and charts. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The age range of participants was between 24 and 63 years (mean 36.6 ± 7.7 years). There were 107 men (78.1%), and the male-to-female ratio was 3.6:1. The majority (76.6%) of participants only had an undergraduate dental degree. Thirty-one percent of participants only worked in publicly owned health facilities. Slightly more than half (59.9%) of participants had satisfactory knowledge regarding sedation in dentistry. There was no statistically significant association between the level of sedation-related knowledge and the demographic characteristics of the participants. Only 21.9% reported using sedation in their practice, and the most commonly used sedative drug was diazepam. The reasons for not using dental sedation in clinical practice included a perceived lack of knowledge on sedation, lack of equipment, and cost. Conclusion: Most dental professionals in Tanzania have basic knowledge of sedation in dentistry, although knowledge regarding sedative agents is generally low. The practice of sedation in dentistry in Tanzania is very low compared to that in middle- and high-income countries. Inadequate knowledge, lack of equipment, and the cost of practicing sedation are the main reasons for not practicing sedation.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.400-412
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• 2022

명말청초(明末淸初), 중국에 건너온 예수회 선교사들은 포교를 위해 『시경(詩經)』 등 여러 중국의 고전을 연구하여 적응주의적 보유론(補儒論)을 주창하였다. 그들이 차용한 '제(帝)'와 '천(天)'은 유교의 핵심 용어들인데 본래 초월적인 신개념을 함유하고 있던 '제'는 주대(周代)에 이르러 정치적 격변 속에서 위상이 격하되었고 물질적인 의미의 '천'은 오히려 위상이 격상되었다. 그러나 정치적 필요에 의해 '제'의 종교적 기능을 대체한 '천'의 역할은 그리 오래가지 못했고 종교적 의미가 탈색되면서 철학적 의미로 고착되었다. 인본주의가 신본주의를 대신하는 역사의 하향적 흐름 속에서 두 용어 모두 종교적 기능을 잃어버린 것이다. 이런 상황에서 기독교적 신관을 표현하기 위해 차용된 두 용어는 기독교 신관의 고유성을 충분히 담아낼 수 없었다. 토착화를 위한 도구였던 '제'와 '천'은 고작 유교적 사유의 연장선에 머물고 말았고 결과적으로 기독교는 유교의 부속물로 전락하고 말았다. 이성에 치우친 철학적 탐구는 계시로 말미암는 거룩한 가르침과 짝을 이루지 않는 한 중국인들을 진정한 기독교 '신앙'으로 인도함에 있어서 온전한 역할을 할 수 없었다. 이러한 결과들을 냉철하게 분석하여 문제점을 발견하고 기독교의 선교를 위한 새로운 차원의 지평을 열 방안들을 발굴하는 연구를 다양하게 시도할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2023

Background: Local anesthetic injections may induce pain in children, leading to fear and anxiety during subsequent visits. Among the various approaches recommended to reduce pain, one is the use of a Buzzy Bee^TM device that operates on the concept of gate control theory and distraction. The literature regarding its effectiveness during the deposition of local anesthesia remains limited; hence, the aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of extraoral cold and vibrating devices in reducing pain perception during the deposition of local anesthesia. Methods: A split-mouth crossover study in which 40 children aged 3-12 years requiring maxillary infiltration or inferior alveolar nerve block for extractions or pulp therapy in the maxillary or mandibular posterior teeth were included. The control intervention involved the application of topical anesthetic gel for one minute (5% lignocaine gel), followed by the administration of local anesthetic (2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline) at a rate of 1 ml/ minute. Along with the control protocol, the test intervention involved using the Buzzy Bee^TM device for 2 minutes before and during the deposition of the local anesthetic injection. The heart rate and face, legs, arms, cry, and consolability revised (FLACC-R) scale scores were recorded by the dentist to assess the child's pain perception. Results: The mean age of the participants in Group A and Group B was 7.050 ± 3.12 years and 7.9 ± 2.65 years respectively. A reduction in the mean heart rate and FLACC-R score was observed during the deposition of local anesthetic solution in the tissues when the Buzzy Bee^TM was used in both groups at different visits in the same subjects (P < 0.05) The Buzzy Bee^TM device was effective in reducing the heart rate and FLACC-R scores when used during maxillary infiltration and inferior alveolar nerve block local anesthesia techniques (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of extraoral cold and vibrating devices significantly reduces pain perception during local anesthetic deposition in pediatric patients. Considering the results of this study, the device may be incorporated as an adjunct in routine dental practice while administering local anesthesia in children.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.338-348
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• 2023

Objective: Patients with a history of ischemic stroke are at risk for a second ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between carotid plaque enhancement on perfluorobutane microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and future recurrent stroke, and to determine whether plaque enhancement can contribute to risk assessment for recurrent stroke compared with the Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS). Materials and Methods: This prospective study screened 151 patients with recent ischemic stroke and carotid atherosclerotic plaques at our hospital between August 2020 and December 2020. A total of 149 eligible patients underwent carotid CEUS, and 130 patients who were followed up for 15-27 months or until stroke recurrence were analyzed. Plaque enhancement on CEUS was investigated as a possible risk factor for stroke recurrence and as a possible adjunct to ESRS. Results: During follow-up, 25 patients (19.2%) experienced recurrent stroke. Patients with plaque enhancement on CEUS had an increased risk of stroke recurrence events (22/73, 30.1%) compared to those without plaque enhancement (3/57, 5.3%), with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 38.264 (95% confidence interval [CI]:14.975-97.767; P < 0.001) according to a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model analysis, indicating that the presence of carotid plaque enhancement was a significant independent predictor of recurrent stroke. When plaque enhancement was added to the ESRS, the HR for stroke recurrence in the high-risk group compared to that in the low-risk group (2.188; 95% CI, 0.025-3.388) was greater than that of the ESRS alone (1.706; 95% CI, 0.810-9.014). A net of 32.0% of the recurrence group was reclassified upward appropriately by the addition of plaque enhancement to the ESRS. Conclusion: Carotid plaque enhancement was a significant and independent predictor of stroke recurrence in patients with ischemic stroke. Furthermore, the addition of plaque enhancement improved the risk stratification capability of the ESRS.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.260-272
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• 2024

본 연구는 전문가 집단의 의견을 수렴하여 결과를 도출하는 델파이 기법으로 수상안전을 위한 교양으로서 대학 생존수영 교육의 문제점을 분석하고 개선방안을 모색하였다. 본 연구의 결론으로 대학 생존수영 교육의 문제점 중 지도자 측면 문제점은 생존수영에 대한 지도자의 전문성 부족 및 자격증 미비로 나타났다. 프로그램 측면 문제점은 교육내용 및 환경이 현실과 차이로 실용성이 저하된다는 점이 문제점으로 나타났고, 시설 측면 문제점은 대학 내 수영장 시설의 부재로 나타났다. 이러한 문제점에 대한 개선방안 중 지도자 측면은 지도자 자격 과정 이수가 필수라고 하였다. 프로그램 측면은 실제와 유사한 환경에서의 교육진행이 이루어져야 한다고 하였으며, 시설 측면은 대학 내 수영자 시설 확충의 필요성을 주장하였다. 본 연구에서 제기된 문제점과 개선방안을 바탕으로 보완이 이루어 진다면 보다 체계적이고 전문적인 교육이 가능할 것으로 기대되며, 또한 변화가능성 및 희망척도를 바탕으로 개선해 나간다면 생존수영 교육적 흐름이 연결되어 사회적 안전의식 확보와 더 나아가 높은 수상안전의식 확립에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-52
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• 1991

This study deals with the evolutional history of the holding and utilization of fisheries resources in Korea. Fisheries resources have the basic characteristics of the density dependent self-regulating renewable and common property resources, Irrational utilization of fisheries resources is mainly due to the unlimited access to the resources. The holding and utilization of fisheries resources in Koryo era was opened to everyone. But it was nationalized in the early Yi Dynasty. The purpose of its nationalization was to provent the paticular powered-man with their monoplized holding and to levy fisheries tax. Eoeop-peop, the first modern fisheries law in Korea, was enacted as a part of the invasion policy of Japan in 1908. With the japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, the Japanese Government established a new institutional system of fisheries as a part of an overall reformation of the institutional for an implementation of the colonial policy. It was very the new enacted Fisheries Law (Gyogyorei). Also the Government enacted compulsorily another new Fisheries Law (Chosen Gyogyorei) with its adjunct laws and regulations revise the institutional system of fisheries on May 1, 1930. After Eoeop-peop enactment, the fisheries resources in Korea could be used only under the license, permission, and statement. After Korea was from Japan in 1945, Korea Government at last enacted the new fisheries law (Susaneop-peop) in 1953. The goal of Susaneop-peop was to achive the general usage and protection of the fisheries resources, and to attain the development and democratization of the fishery in Korea. This law was amended 13 times until 1990. The license fishery have a legal right on the fishery, called a fishery rigt. This right means a right of exclusive occupation and utilization of a unit of the inshore fishing grounds. The main evolutional issues of license fishery are as the following : 1) the foundation of the exclusive usable fishery right(1911, Gyogyorei), 2) the deletion of the settled U9space lift net and settled space sein net fishery, and the expansion of the cooperative fishery-No.1, 2, and 3 type cooperative fishery-(3rd amendment, 1963), 3) the deletion of the No.2 and 3 type cooperative fishery, and the separation of the culturing fishery in No.1 and 2 type culturing fishery (13th amendment, 1990). The effective period of the license fishery was amended as the following : 1) 1908(Eoeop-peop) : within 10 years, renovation system, 2) 1929(Chosen Gyogyorei) : within 10 years, unlimited extension system, 3) 1971. 7th amendment : 10 years, renovation system, 4) 1972. 8th amendment : 10 years, only 1 extension system, 5) 1975. 9th amendment : 5-10 years, only 1 extension system, 6) 1990.13th amendment : 10 years, within 10 years of total extensional years. The priority order of the fishery license was established in 1953 (Susaneop-peop). The amendment of it is as follows : 1) 1953. enactment \circled1 the fishing grounds that the fishery right is extablished 1st order : the existing fishery right man, unlimited renovation 2nd order : the corporate that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 new fishing grounds 1st order : the corporate that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the rest experienced fishermen 2) 1971. 9th amendment \circled1 the fishing grounds that the fishery right is established 1st order : the existing fishery right man, unlimited renovation 2nd order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 4th order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 new fishing grounds 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen 3) 1981. 10th amendment \circled1 the inside of No.1 type cooperative fishing grounds 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd orer : the rest experienced fishermen 4) 1990. 13th amendment \circled1 No.1 type cultural fishery 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 No.2 type cultural and settle fisher : general priority order The effective period of the permission fishery was amended 6 timed. First, it was within 5 years and renovation system (Eoeop-peop). Now it is 5 years and renovation system. The effective period of the statement fishery was amended 4 times. First, it was within 5 years, and then was amended within 3 years(Chonsen Gyogyorei). Now it is 5 years.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2003

본 연구는 불화나트륨과 자일리톨 성분으로 구성된 구강 청정용 저작성 정제 (덴포정, 하미 즐, 부천, 경기 )가 교정치료 중인 환자의 구강위생 상태에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 교정치료 중인 18세 이상의 성인 환자 30명을 대상으로 약제사용 전, 2주 후, 4주 후에 피험자의 상악과 하악 전치 부위 및 구치 부위에서 각각 치은 지수, 치은 출혈 지수, 치태 지수를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 상하악 전치부와 구치부 모두에서 치태 지수가 약제사용 전에 비해 사용 2주 후와 4주 후 유의성 있게 감소하였다. (p<0.05).또한, 적용 2주 후와 4주 후의 지수를 비교하였을 때 4주 후에 좀 더 개선된 경향을 보였으나, 통계적 유의성은 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 2. 치은 지수, 치은 출혈 지수도 상하악 전치부와 구치부 모두에서 적용 전에 비하여 2주 후와 4주 후 유의성 있게 감소하였다(p<0.05).적용 2주 후와 4주 후의 지수의 비교 검증에서 통계학적으로 유의할 만한 차이는 보이지 않아 구강위생 상태의 개선이 계속 유지됨을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 치태 지수, 치은 지수, 치은 출혈 지수가 실험 정제 적용 후에 감소하여 구강위생 상태가 개선되었음을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 덴포정을 교정치료 중인 한자에서 부가적으로 사용하였을 경우 치주조직의 건강을 증진시키는데 도움을 줄 수 있으리라고 생각된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.561-578
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• 1999

The goal of periodontal therapy is the periodontal regeneration by the removal of microorganisms and their toxic products from the periodontally diseased root surface. To achieve periodontal regeneration, root conditioning as an adjunct to root planing has been done. There are low pH etchants such as citric acid, tetracycline-HCl, and EDTA solution which is a neutral chelating agent. The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of root conditioning by citric acid, tetracycline HCl, and EDTA. Total 35 root specimens(6${\times}$3${\times}$2mm) were prepared from the periodontally diseased teeth, scaled and root planed. The specimens were treated with normal saline for 1 minute, saturated citric acid(pH 1) for 3 minutes, 50mg/ml tetracycline-HCl(pH 2) for 5 minutes, 15% EDTA(pH 7) for 5 minutes using rubbing technique. The specimens were examined under scanning electron microscopy at 1000, and 3000 magnification. On the microphotographs taken at 1000 magnification, the numbers of opened and patent dentinal tubules per unit area(10,640${\mu}m^2$) were counted. And the diameters of opened dentinal tubules per unit are (10,640${\mu}m^2$) were measured. The differences of number and diameter among all groups were statistically analyzed by Kruskal Wallis Test. The results were as follows; 1. In the specimens applied with normal saline(control group), the root surface was finely cracked, and was covered by irregular smear layer. Neither exposed dentinal tubules nor any patent dentinal tubules could be seen. 2. In the specimens applied with saturated citric acid(experimental 1 group), the globular collagen fibers were exposed around the peritubular space, and many dentinal tubules were revealed. 3. In the specimens applied with tetracycline-HCl(experimental 2 group), the process-like collagen fibers were exposed around the peritubular space, and some dentinal tubules were revealed. 4. In the specimens applied with 15% EDTA(experimental 3 group), the root surface was covered by the collagenous fibrillar network, and many dentinal tubules were revealed. 5. The numbers of opened and patent dentinal tubules were significantly more in exp. 1 group and exp. 3 group than in exp. 2 group(P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between exp. 1 group and exp. 3 group. In control group, the number of opened and patent dentinal tubules could not be counted because any dentinal tubules couldn't be seen. 6 . The diameter of opened dentinal tubules was significantly smaller in exp. 1 group and exp. 3 group than in exp. 2 group(P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between exp. 1 group and exp. 3 group. In control group, the diameter of opened dentinal tubules could not be measured because any dentinal tubules couldn't be seen. The results demonstrate that root conditioning with citric acid, tetracycline- HCl, and EDTA is more effective in periodontal healing than only root planing, and 15% EDTA solution can replace low pH etching agents such as citric acid, tetracycline-HCl for root conditioning.