• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.147-159
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• 1983

In general, herbicides have been classified according to selectivity, mobility. time of application, methods of application, mode of action and chemical property and structure. However, there was no generally accepted classification system for practical use in the field. The primary processes affected by the majority of herbicides are the growth process through cell elongation and/or cell division, the photosynthetic process specifically the light reaction, the oxidative phosphorylation and the integrity of the membrane systems. The usual approach in the study of the mechanism by which herbicides kill or inhibit the growth of plants is to initially determine the morphological phototoxicity systems, The mechanism by which a herbicide kills a plant or suppresses its development is actually the resultant effect of primary and secondary(or side) effects. In most instances, the death of the plant is due to the secondary effects. To induce the desired response, a herbicide must be able to gain entry into the plants and once inside, to be transported within the plant to its site(s) of activity in concentrations great enough. Obstacles to the entry and movement of herbicides in plants are generally classified by leaf and soil obstacles, translocation obstacles and biochemical obstacles, and these obstacles are also strongly influenced by plant species and by environmental factors such as light, temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. And hence, in most instances, results obtained from laboratory or greenhous vary from those of field experiment. Author attempted to classify herbicides from the field experiment using the two-dimensional ordination analysis to obtain practical information for selecting effective herbicides or to choose effective herbicide combinations for increasing herbicidal efficacy or reducing the chemical cost. Based on this two-dimensional diagram, desired herbicides or combinations were selected and further investigated for the interaction effects whether these combinations are synergistic, additive or antagonistic. From the results, it was concluded that these new approach could possibly be give more comprehensive informations about effective use of herbicide than any other systems.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.63-68
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• 1965

본 연구는 견사 lousiness와 유전관련성을 구명하여 도태가능성 여부를 조사하는 반면, 그 외 도태가능성이 불완전하였으므로 정련방법의 개량으로 인하여 lousiness의 개선을 기도하였던 바 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같았다. (A) lousiness의 유전관계문제 1. 교잡에 의한 lousiness 감소는 11.0%이었다. 2. lousiness의 유전은 불완전우성으로 유전한다. 3. lousiness를 발생하는 유전은 누적적으로 작용하고2종 이상의 유전자가 lousiness 발생에 작용하는 것으로 고찰된다. 4. 잠견의 실용형질과 lousiness와는 유전상관관계가 없다. 5. 다계량계통의 잠품종에서 반드시 lousiness의 발생이 많다고 할 수 없다. 6. 본 실험에서의 lousiness 검경은 생계의 exforiation 시험결과와 동일하였다. (B) 정련에 의한 lousiness 개선문제 1. 양 ion계 화학연화제 0.2% 용액을 95$^{\circ}C$ 하에서 30분간 처리할 때 lousiness 발생을 억제하면서 정련할 수 있었다. 2. 음 ion계 화학연화제는 생사정련에 불합격하였다. 3. 양 ion계 연화제를 상기조건하에 처리할 때 견사의 물리적성질에 변화가 없었다. 4. 석검정련은 lousiness 발생을 용이하게 시킨다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.359-365
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• 2012

We investigated leaf disease intensity of Kalopanax septemlobus (prickly castor oil tree) caused by the parasitic fungus Mycosphaerella acanthopanacis, in thirty natural host populations in the Japanese Archipelago. The disease intensity observed for individual trees were analyzed using a generalized additive model as a function of tree size, tree density, climatic terms and spatial trend surface. Individual tree size and conspecific tree density were shown to have significant negative and positive effects on disease intensity, respectively. The findings suggest that the probability of disease infection is partly determined by dispersal of infection agents (ascospores) from the fallen leaves on the ground, which can be enhanced by aggregation of host trees in a forest stand. Regional-scale spatial bias was also present in disease intensity; the populations in northern Japan and southern Kyushu were more severely infected by the fungus than those in southwestern Honshu and Shikoku. Regional variation of disease intensity was explained by both climatic factors and a trend surface term, with a latitudinal cline detected, which increases towards the north. Further research should be conducted in order to understand all of the factors generating the latitudinal cline detected in this study.

• 농촌계획
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2008

The rural area has kept traditions and green open spaces highlighted in these days since the life quality elevated. Institute of Rural Resources Development has been conducting nation-wide survey project for rural amenity resources to construct the databases of rural amenity distribution and richness. Using surveyed data from the project, this study was implemented to evaluate rural amenity values based on SAW (Simple Additive Weighting) method considering two aspects including living and tourism amenity. For defining the set of evaluation criteria, the rural amenity resources were classified into almost intact nature resources(natural resources), interaction between nature and man resources(cultural resources) and man-made resources(social resources). The weighting values of the criteria were evaluated from the step wise pair-comparison results by AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. In the results of weighting values related to living amenity, social resources was the hightest ranked criterion (0.512), followed by cultural resources (0.245) and natural resources (0.243). On the other hand, the results related to tourism amenity was that weighting values of natural resources, cultural resources and social resources were 0.481, 0.340 and 0.179, respectively. The two aspects evaluation methods was applied to the selected 18 areas (Myeon administration level) in Chungcheongbuk Do. The results demonstrated the differences of amenity values for living conditions and tourism conditions and could be used for prioritizing rural amenity planning.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2018

Hollow fiber (HF) membranes are gaining wide interest over flat membranes due to their compaction and high area to surface volume ratio. This work addresses the fabrication of HF from polysulfone (PS) and polyethersulfone (PES) using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent in addition to other additives to achieve desired characteristics. The semi-pilot spinning system includes jacketed vessel, four spinneret block, coagulation and washing baths in addition to dryer and winder. Different parameters affecting dry-wet spinning phase inversion process were investigated. Dope compositions of PES, NMP and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) of varying molecular weights as additive were addressed. Some critical parameters of importance were also investigated. Those include dope flow rate, air gap, coagulation & washing baths and drying temperatures. The measured dope viscosity was in the range from 1.7 to 36.5 Pa.s. Air gap distance was adjusted from 20 to 45 cm and coagulation bath temperature from 20 to $46^{\circ}C$. The HF membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and mechanical properties. Results indicated prevalence of finger like structure and average surface roughness from about 29 to 78.3 nm. Profile of stress strain characteristics revealed suitability of the fibers for downstream interventions for fabrication of thin film composite membrane. Different empirical correlations were formulated which enable deeper understanding of the interaction of the above mentioned variables. Data of pure water permeability (PWP) confirmed that the fabricated samples fall within the microfiltration (MF)-ultrafiltration (UF) range of membrane separation.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.286-294
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• 1998

일년생 화본과 잡초인 피의 방제 약제로 사용하는 carbamate계 제초제 molinate와 일년생 광엽잡초 방제 약제로 사용하는 triazine계 제초제 simetryn을 혼합처리하고 잡초에 대한 약효 상호작용과 벼에 대한 약해 안전성을 온실에서 조사하였다. 1. Molinate와 simetryn 혼합처리시 피(Echinochloa crus-galli)에 대해서는 상승적효과를, 가막사리(Bidens tripartita)에 대해서는 상가적효과를 나타내었다. 2. Molinate+simetryn 혼합처리시 벼에 대한 약해는 상승적효과인 것으로 나타났다. 3. Molinate+simetrn 혼합처리는 molinate 단제 처리보다 피의 제초효과를 얻는 담수기간이 약 2~4일 정도 단축되어 직파재배시의 논 그누기가 용이할 것으로 생각되었다. 4. 제초효과 및 벼에 대한 약해를 고려할 때 혼합제는 molinate 150g+simetryn 9~18g이 적절한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.151-169
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• 2015

Objectives: The deleterious effects of air pollution on various health outcomes have been demonstrated. However, few studies have examined the effects of air pollution on liver enzyme levels. Methods: Blood samples were drawn up to three times between 2008 and 2010 from 545 elderly individuals who regularly visited a community welfare center in Seoul, Korea. Data regarding ambient air pollutants (particulate matter ${\leq}2.5{\mu}m$ [$PM_{2.5}$], nitrogen dioxide [$NO_2$], ozone [$O_3$], carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide) from monitoring stations were used to estimate air pollution exposure. The effects of the air pollutants on the concentrations of three liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltranspeptidase [${\gamma}$-GTP)]) were evaluated using generalized additive and linear mixed models. Results: Interquartile range increases in the concentrations of the pollutants showed significant associations of $PM_{2.5}$ with AST (3.0% increase, p=0.0052), ALT (3.2% increase, p=0.0313), and ${\gamma}$-GTP (5.0% increase, p=0.0051) levels; $NO_2$ with AST (3.5% increase, p=0.0060) and ALT (3.8% increase, p=0.0179) levels; and $O_3$ with ${\gamma}$-GTP (5.3% increase, p=0.0324) levels. Significant modification of these effects by exercise and alcohol consumption was found (p for interaction <0.05). The effects of air pollutants were greater in non-exercisers and heavy drinkers. Conclusions: Short-term exposure to air pollutants such as $PM_{2.5}$, $NO_2$, and $O_3$ is associated with increased liver enzyme levels in the elderly. These adverse effects can be reduced by exercising regularly and abstinence from alcohol.

• BMB Reports
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.355-364
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• 2001

Major human Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) exist as hetero-oligomers, consisting of NDPK-A and NDPK-B, rather than homo-oligomer. To investigate their biological function depending on the oligomeric structure in vivo, we characterized the biochemical properties of cellular NDPK. Cellular NDPKs, which are made up of a unique combination of isoforms, were purified from human erythrocyte and placenta. We found that cellular NDPK and recombinant isoforms NDPKs have their own distinct biochemical properties in autophosphorylation, stability toward heat or urea, and DNA binding. Cellular NDPK was found to have unique characteristics rather than the expected additive properties of recombinant isoforms. The mutations in the dimeric interface of NDPK-B (R34G, N69H or K135L) caused defective DNA binding and simultaneously reduced the enzymatic stability These results suggest that the oligomeric interaction could play a major role in the stability of catalytic domain and might be related to the regulation of various cellular functions of NDPK.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.818-823
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• 2008

The interaction of fibre degrading microbes and methanogens was studied using two forages, lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay and maize (Zea mays) hay, as substrate and 2-bromoethanesulphonic acid (BES) as an additive in an in vitro gas production test. Gas and methane production (ml/g dry matter) were significantly higher (p<0.05) on lucerne as compared to maize hay. Inclusion of BES in the incubation medium significantly suppressed methane emission irrespective of substrate. The population density of total bacteria, fungi, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes was higher, whereas that of methanogens was lower with maize hay as compared to lucerne as substrate. BES suppressed methanogen population by 7 fold on lucerene and by 8.5 fold on maize at 24 h incubation as estimated by real time-PCR. This suppression was accompanied by almost complete (>98% of control) inhibition of methanogenesis. The proportion of acetate decreased, whereas that of propionate increased significantly by inclusion of BES, resulting in narrowing of acetate to propionate ratio. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of lucerne was significantly higher as compared to maize but BES inclusion did not affect IVTD.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2002

This study was investigated the effects of exercise and supplementation of L-carnitine and antioxidants on hepatic mitochondrial function, especially oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Isolated hepatic mitochondria from 4 rat groups were functionally tested by an analysis of respiration and the coupling of this process to ATP synthesis in the presence of ADP. Four groups were non-trained, non-supplemented group (NTNS), non-trained, supplemented group (NTS), long term-trained, non-supplemented group (LTNS) , and long term-trained, supplemented group (LTS). The trained rats run on a treadmill (grade 10°,20 m/min) for 60min/day for 8 weeks. The supplemented rats were treated with L-carnitine (0.5% diet), vitamin E(0.5mg/g BW), vitamin C (0.5mg/g BW) and melatonin (1 $\mu$ g/g BW) for 8 weeks. There were exercise effects on improving mitochondrial OXPHOS. Within non-supplemented groups, exercised rats resulted in a significant decrease in state 4 oxygen consumption, which increased the respiratory control (RC) ratio and ADP : O (P/O) ratio. There were supplementation effects on improving mitochondrial OXPHOS, too. Within non-exercised rats, supplemented rats resulted in a significant decrease in state 4 oxygon consumption. which increased the RC ratio and P/O ratio. There were additive effects of exercise and supplementation on OXPHOS. Within supplemented rats, exercise resulted in an increase in RC ratio. Significant effects of exercise-supplement interaction on improving OXPHOS were identified. It suggests that exercise and supplementation of L-carnitine and antioxidants might improve more efficiently the impaired OXPHOS efficiency in mitochondrial dysfunction that recognized as is an important cause of degenerative diseases. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 187∼194, 2002)