• PNF and Movement
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activities in the frontal plane and scapular plane of the middle fiber and lower fiber of the trapezius muscle at different shoulder abduction angles. Methods: Twenty male and female students in their 20s participated in this study. Each subject maintained shoulder abduction at $75^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $125^{\circ}$, and $160^{\circ}$ in a standing position and repeated motions three times each in the frontal plane and the scapular plane. While maintaining the motions for 10 seconds in each posture, surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure muscle activity of the middle fiber and lower fiber of the trapezius muscle. The collected EMG data were normalized using maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Differences in muscle activity of the middle fiber and lower fiber of the trapezius muscles according to the angles at each plane were statistically processed using repeated measured analysis of variance, and an independent t-test was used to examine the differences between the two planes at each angle. Results: Muscle activity of the middle and lower trapezius during shoulder abduction in the frontal plane and scapular plane significantly increased as the angles increased (p<.05). However, muscle activity of the middle trapezius was significantly lower in the scapular plane than in the frontal plane for all shoulder abduction angles (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that during shoulder abduction, angles should be different according to the goals, and for training during an acute phase or early phase for functional recovery, it is more efficient to perform the training in the scapular plane than in the frontal plane.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2001

Back pain has plagued humans for many thousands of years. The treatment of back pain is divided into operative treatment and conservative treatment. It is reported that cure rate of conservative treatment is 80~90 percent. Generally, the treatment of oriental medicine is mostly conservative treatment. But, surgery should not be used as a last resort in treatment; it is just one of many treatment options for various spinal conditions. In some instance, it can be to preferred choice; in other situations, alternative therapies may be superior. Selections of the operation in HIVD 1. Acute disc herniations with a protracted significant component af back pain. 2. Chronic disc degeneration with significant back pain and degeneration limited to one or two disc levels. 3. Sugical instability created during decompression. 4. The presence of neural arch defects coincident with disc disease. 5. Symptamatic and radiographically demonstrable segmental instability. Selections of the operation in stenosis 1. If it does not slowly progress in physical therapy and other nonoperative measures, many of these patients may ultimately need surgical decompression. 2. Absolute stenosis in an impression of CT, MRI.(under 10mm) 3. In patients with established symptoms of .neurogenic claudication. 4. In patients with bad influence of neurogenic derangement.(strength, sensory) Selections of the operation in spondylolisthesis 1. Persistence or recurrence of major symptoms for at least one year despite activity modification and physical therapy. 2. Tight hamstrings, persistently abnormal gait, or postural deformities unrelieved by physical therapy. 3. Sciatic scoliosis. 4. Progressive neurologic deficit. 5. Progressive slipping beyond 25 or 50 percent, even when asymptomatic. 6. A high slip angle (40 to 50 degrees) in a growing child, since it is likely to be associated with further progression and deformity. 7. Psychologic problems attributed to shortness of trunk, abnormal gait, and postural deformities characteristic of more severe slips.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.435-446
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• 1998

It is suggested that Urechis unicinctus is a filler feeder as like many tide and watery invertebrates which filtrate food materials by ciliary movement. However, the structure of the filter is not yet known in U. unicinctus, nor the filtering mechanism is not well understood. This study reveals ciliated epithelial cells in the foregut and the features of the cilia are good accord with that of known filtrating apparatus of other tide animals. This may implies that the foregut is in function of filtration and the food materials are filtrated by the ciliary movement. With the observation of the filtrating apparatus in the foregut, the intestine of U. unicinctus can be functionally compartmented into 3 parts. These are already known midgut and hindgut in function of digestion and respiration respectively, and the foregut in function of filtrating apparatus for foods. The filtrating apparatus of U. unicinctus is composed of the pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with numerous cilia. The cilia are well differentiated kinocilia with the typical microtubule pattern, kinetosome and cilia roots. There are two kinds of striated cilia roots, the main root and the accessory root. The main root is extended perpendicularly from the cell surface to basement membrane and the short accessory root is branched with an acute angle of about $80^{\circ}$ from the main root at level of basal plate of the kinetosome. The spacial approaches of the main root with the large fused form of mitochondria is one of the characteristic features which might be in structural consideration an intimate association between energy source and energy mass consuming cell organelles.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.137-143
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• 1993

The tetranuclear heterometallic complex CpMo$Os_3(CO)_{10}({\mu]-H)2[{\mu}3-{\eta}^2-C(O)CH_2Tol]\;(1,\;Cp={\eta}^5-C_5H_5,\;Tol=p-C_6H_4Me)$ has been examined by variable-temperature $^{13}$C-NMR spectroscopy and by a full three-dimensional X-ray structual analysis. Complex 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2$_1$ with a = 12.960(1) ${\AA}$, b = 11.255(l) ${\AA}$, c = 38.569(10)${\AA}$, V = 5626(2) ${\AA}^3$ and ${\rho}$(calcd) = 2.71 gcm$^{-3}$ for Z = 8 and molecular weight 1146.9. Diffraction data were collectedon a CAD4 diffractometer, and the structure was refined to $R_F$ = 9.7% and $R_{W^F}$ = 9.9% for 2530 data (MoK${\alpha}$ radiation). There are two essentially equivalent molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. The tetranuclear molecule contains a triangulated rhomboidal arrangement of metal atoms with Os(2) and Mo at the two bridgehead positions. The metal framework is planar; the dihedral angle between Os(l)-Os(2)-Mo and Os(3)-Os(2)-Mo planes is 180$^{\circ}$. A triply bridging (${\mu}_3,\;{\eta}^2$) acyl ligand lies above the Os(l)-Os(2)-Mo plane; the oxygen atom spans the two bridgehead positions, while the carbon atom spans one bridgehead position and an acute apical position. The molecular architecture is completed by an ${\eta}^5$-cyclopentadienyl ligand and a semi-triply bridging carbonyl ligand on the molybdenum atom, and nine terminal carbonyl ligands-four on Os(3), three on Os(l), and two on Os(2). The two hydride ligands are inferred to occupy the Os(l)-Os(2) and Mo-Os(3) edges from structural and NMR data.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was examined to improve the standing posture of a scoliosis client using the ICF Tool. Methods: For examination, the study subject was a 16-year-old female student diagnosed with 3curve-pelvic (3CP) type scoliosis. Information about her were collected through a client interview and based on international Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The ICF core set was for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions, and the ICF level 2 items suggested by National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC) were added to the recommendations for scoliosis. For evaluation, the ICF assessment sheet was used to identify the interaction among the problems. For the diagnosis, the client's functional problems were described in ICF terms. For the prognosis, the global goals for reaching the client's functional activity and participation level were presented as the long-and short-term goals. For the intervention, a coordinative locomotor training program composed of warm-up, main exercise, and cool-down was applied 3 times a week, 50 minutes a day, for 5 weeks. For the outcome, the differences between before and after the intervention were compared with the ICF qualifier and are shown with the ICF evaluation display. Results: Clinical advantages were observed in body function and structure (7° decrease of thoracic angle, 7 score increase of trunk muscle power, 6.47s improve of one leg standing, 4 score decrease of neck pain). The activity for maintaining the standing posture, in which the client had a primary limitation, was improved. Conclusion: Applying the coordinative locomotor training program is expected to improve scoliosis client's standing posture.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2021

Background: We aimed to assess the effect of plate hook bending in treatment of acromioclavicular (AC) dislocation by analyzing clinical and radiological results according to the angle of the plate hook (APH). Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, case-control study including 76 patients with acute AC joint dislocation that were divided into two groups according to treatment with bent or unbent plate hook. The visual analog scale (VAS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder score, and range of motion (ROM) were evaluated as clinical outcomes. Comparative coracoclavicular distance (CCD) was measured to evaluate radiological outcomes. Results: While the VAS and ASES of the bending group at 4 months after surgery were significantly higher (p=0.021 and p=0.019), the VAS and ASES of the bending group at other periods and ROM of the bending group showed no significant difference. The initial CCD decreased from 183.2%±25.4% to 114.3%±18.9% at the final follow-up in the bending group and decreased from 188.2%±34.4% to 119.1%±16.7% in the non-bending group, with no statistical difference (p=0.613). The changes between the initial and post-metal removal CCD were 60.2%±11.2% and 57.3%±10.4%, respectively, with no statistical difference (p=0.241). The non-bending group showed greater subacromial osteolysis (odds ratio, 3.87). Pearson's coefficients for the correlation between APH and VAS at 4 months after surgery and for that between APH and ASES at 4 months after surgery were 0.74 and -0.63 (p=0.027 and p=0.032), respectively. Conclusions: The APH was associated with improved postoperative pain and clinical outcomes before implant removal and with reduced complications; therefore, plate hook bending is more useful clinically during plate implantation.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2022

Background: The gastrocnemius tightness can easily occur. Gastrocnemius tightness results in gait disturbance. Thus, various interventions have been used to release a tight gastrocnemius muscle and improve gait performance. Moreover, focal muscle vibration (FMV) has recently been extensively researched in terms of tight muscle release and muscle performance. However, no study has investigated the effects of FMV application on medial gastrocnemius architectural changes. Objects: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of FMV on medial gastrocnemius architecture in persons with limited ankle dorsiflexion. Methods: Thirty one persons with <10° of passive ankle dorsiflexion participated in this study. We excluded persons with acute ankle injury within six months prior to study onset, a history of ankle fracture, leg length discrepancy greater than 2 cm, no history of neurological dysfunction, or trauma affecting the lower limb. The specifications of the FMV motor were as follows: a fixed frequency (fast wave: 150 Hz) and low amplitude (0.3-0.5 mm peak to peak) of vibration; the motor was used to release the medial gastrocnemius for 15 minutes. Each participant completed three trials for 10 days; a 30-second rest period was provided between each trial. Medial gastrocnemius architectural parameters [muscle thickness (MT), fiber bundle length (FBL), and pennation angle (PA)] were measured via ultrasonography. Results: MT significantly decreased after FMV application (p < 0.05). FBL significantly increased from its baseline value after FMV application (p < 0.05). PA significantly decreased from its baseline value after FMV application (p < 0.05). Conclusion: FMV application may be advantageous in reducing medial gastrocnemius excitability following a decrease in the amount of contractile tissue. Furthermore, FMV application can be used as a stretching method to alter medial gastrocnemius architecture.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.229-238
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 수치 영역의 포물선 지배 방정식의 근사 차수와 수치 영역 경계의 비국소적 경계 조건의 근사 차수가 서로 다를 때 음파 해에 미치는 영향을 해석적으로 보였다. 우선 평면파 분석법을 이용해 비국소적 경계 조건을 반 무한 매질 영역으로 변환했다. 그리고 실제 수치 영역과 반 무한 매질 영역의 경계에서 해석적 반사 오차를 유도했다. 지배 방정식과 비국소적 경계 조건의 해석적 오차가 간단한 대수 식으로 표현 가능한 경우에 대해서는 대수적인 오차식을 유도하고 그 경향을 고찰했다. 지배 방정식이 일반적인 고차 포물선 방정식일 때는 대수적인 오차 식은 보다 복잡하게 표현되며 수치적 방법을 이용해 그 특성을 고찰했다. 최종적으로 지배 방정식의 차수에 따른 비국소적 경계 조건의 정밀도를 유도하고 해석적 반사 오차의 전반적인 특성에 대해 논의했다. 본 연구의 핵심 공헌은 포물선 방정식과 비국소적 경계 조건의 근사 차수가 다를 때 해석적 오차 추정 방법과 사용한계를 제시했다는데 있다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.707-720
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• 1999

본 연구는 두부자세를 형성하는 두개저와 경추가 이루는 각의 차이가 두개안면구조의 형태에 어떠한 차이로 나타나는지를 파악해 보기 위하여, 51명의 한국인 성인 남자와 120명의 스칸디나비아계 백인, 성인 남자를 대상으로 자연상태의 두부위치로 촬영하여 얻은 두부방사선계측사진에서 두부자세변수, 두개저, 경추, 상악골, 하악골, 상하악 악골관계 그리고 치아, 치조에 관련된 변수를 설정, 이를 서로 비교함으로써 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. NSL/OPT로 표현되는 두개와 경추가 이루는 각은 한국인에서 평균 9.28도 더 크게 나타났다. 2. n-s로 표현되는 전두개저의 길이는 한국인에서 평균 4.66 mm가 더 짧게 나타났다. 3. sp-pm 및 ss-pm으로 표현되는 상악골 기저의 길이는 한국인에서 각각 평균 2.75 mm, 4.65 mm더 짧은 양상을 보였으며, n-sp로 표현되는 상악골의 전방부 고경, 그리고 s-pm으로 표현되는 상악골의 후방부 고경은 각각 2.60 mm, 2.06 mm더 긴 양상을 보이는 한편, NSL/NL로 표현되는 상악골의 두개저에 대한 기울기는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 4. pg-tgo로 표현되는 하악골체의 길이와 ar-tgo로 표현되는 하악골지의 고경은 두 표본에서 동일한 양상을 보였으나, ML/RL로 표현되는 하악우각부는 한국인에서 3.22도 작은 양상을 보였고, NSL/ML로 표현되는 두개저에 대한 하악골의 경사도는 한국인에서 2.44도 더 큰 양상을 보였다. 5. s-n-sp 및 s-n-ss로 표현되는 상악골의 두개저에 대한 돌출도, 그리고 s-n-sm으로 표현되는 하악골의 두개저에 대한 돌출도는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 6. ss-n-pg로 표현되는 상,하악골의 전후방적 관계는 한국인에서 1.44도 더 큰 양상을 보였으나. NL/ML로 표현되는 수직적관계는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 7. n-go으로 표현되는 전안면고경은 한국인에서 5.57 mm 더 큰 양상을 보였다. 8. CL/ML로 표현되는 하악치조의 돌출도는 한국인에서 5.71도 더 큰 양상을 보였으며, ILs/ILi로 표현되는 상,하악 전치가 이루는 각은 한국인에서 3.08도 더 작은 양상을 보였다. 이상의 결과는 두개저와 경추가 이루는 두부자세에 따라 두개안면구조의 형태가 영향을 받을 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.97-112
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• 1978

국제해상충돌예방규칙(International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea) 제 15조, 제 16조 및 제 17조는 횡단상태에 있는 선박들의 피항방법에 대해서 지시하고 있으나, 피항선이 피항동작을 취할 안전한계접근거리에 대해서는 전혀 언급이 없으므로 본 논문에서는 이 거리를 선체운동학적으로 해석하여 이에 대한 산출식을 도출하였다. 실선시험에서 소형 및 대형선의 조종성지수를 구하고, 이를 산출식에 적용하여 안전한계접근거리를 계산하였다. 이 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 소형선 및 대형선을 막론하고 가장 큰 거리를 두고 피항동작에 들어가야 하는 경우는 양선박이 조우하는 침로교각이 90$^{\circ}$부근의 각도이며, 안전한계 접근거리는 소형선(200~300 ton급 선박)에서는 자선길이의 약 5배 이상, 대형선(100,000 ton급 선박)에서는 자선 길이의 약 11배 이상이 되어야 한다. 2. 양선박이 조우하는 침로교각이 크게 둔각인 경우에는 적은 예각인 경우보다 충돌의 위험이 더 크므로, 더 큰 거리를 두고 피항동작에 들어가야 하며, 특히 대형선인 경우에는 주의를 요한다. 3. 국제해상충돌예방규칙 제 16조의 피항선의 동작은 물론, 동 제 17조 a항(ii)호의 유지선의 피항동작도 위의 안전한계접근거리 밖에서 이루어져야하며, 부득이 안전한계접근거리이내에서 피항동작을 취할 때는 주기관의 동작이 반드시 수반되어야 한다. 4. 횡단상태에 있는 양선박간에 피항선이 변침만으로 피항동작을 취하는 경우 본 논문에서 계산한 각침로교각에 대한 안전한계거리를 미리 염두에 두고 피항조선을 하게되면 감각에 의한 조선방법으로 야기되는 충동해난사고를 지양할 수 있으리라 생각된다.형군이 방음할 때 대형군의 주음률(44~98%)이 높았다. 중소형군(각폭 8.5~15.0cm)까지는 암컷이 방음할 때 수컷의 주음률(88~100%)은 암컷의 주음률(56~91%)보다 높은 편이며, 수컷이 방음할 때 수컷의 주음률(19~63%)보다 암컷의 주음률(66~100%)이 높은 편이었다. 염지하거나 맛사징 처리하여 pork cutlet를 제조하면 냉동 돈육 등심의 소비 촉진에 기여할 수 있다고 판단되었다.p<0.001) 여학생의 경우 남학생에 비하여 운동량과 운동시간이 짧게 나타났다. 체중에 대한 만족도를 보면 남학생 40.0%, 여학생은 13.6%가 만족한다고 하였고(p<0.001) 체중조절의 방법에 있어서는 운동으로 한다는 응답이 남학생은 64.4%, 여학생은 43.2%로 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 7. 조사대상자의 골밀도 BQI간과 제요인과의 상관관계를 살펴보았을 때, 운동시간, 식사의 규칙성, 콩식품, 육류, 차 등의 섭취빈도, 편식과 다이어트 및 우유, 해조류, 인스턴트 식품 섭취 등의 요인과는 유의적인 상관관계를 보이지 않았으며, 영양 보충제의 경우 남학생군에서 유의적인 양의 상관관계(p<0.05)를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 대학신입생의 골밀도에 미치는 영향 요인은 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 대학생의 시기는 여전히 골질량의 형성이 가능하므로 건강한 골격을 형성하고 유지하기 위해서 균형된 식사, 적정 체중의 유지 및 골격에 하중을 가하는 운동을 지속적으로 하는 개개인의 노력과 관심이 중요하다 하겠다.EX>$10^4$ cfu/mL)분포하고 있는 것으로 동정되었다.bamboo weir, the eddy out of the left wing was comparatively big and the current