• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2009

Purpose: We determined the recruitment pattern of lumbar elector spinalis, gluteus maxims, inner and outer hamstring muscle during trunk flexion and extension. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects(male; 15, female; 15) without low back pain and other problems in lower extremities participated in this study. To measure the recruitment pattern, the onset times of electromyographic activity of the muscles were recorded during trunk flexion and return(extension) to standing position. Results: The medial and lateral hamstring muscle was activated first, next elector spinalis, the last, gluteus maximus in trunk flexion. In trunk extension to standing position, the order of recruitment was similar to trunk flexion although the frequency is different. There were different between male and female in flexion and extension movement. Conclusion: The recruitment order of lumbar extensor and hip extensors in trunk flexion and extension will provide database in evaluation and intervention of lower back pain and lumbo.pelvic rhythm disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.153-169
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• 1988

This study aimed at investigating the socialization of householdwork to the difference of life style pattern of housewives. For the purpose, questionnaires were administrated to the housewives in Seoul and to analyse of the date, factor analysis F-test, t-test and path analysis were used. The results can be summarized as follows ; 1. By utilizing factor analysis, the life style patterns of housewives were classified into 7 types, they were named, self-improvement type, social activity type, modernistic type, sound and thrifty type, variety-seeking type, passive stability-seeking type, the traditional and conservative type. And the patterns of life style differed significantly according to all of the demographic variables except family type. 2. The level of socialization of householdwork was not reaching the medium, and the mean was 19.45. 3. The socialization of householdwork were influenced indirectly by the age, educational level, income level, family type and social activity type, variety seeking type, traditional and conservative type of the life style pattern. And directly, the age and educational level influenced the socialization of householdwork.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 1984

To investigate the biodegradation pattern of rice straw, mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components, by the isolate stran Bacillus subtilis $DO_4$, the change of cell population was observed on CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), larch wood xylan and lignosulfonate as a carbon source respectively. Also, the transition pattern of enzyme activities of cellulase and xylanase and lignin contents was measured on rice straw and mixed substrate according to growth. The results in these experiments revealed that xylanase activity was first appeared and cellulase activity in the next, while lignin component was almost not changed through the culture period.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the activity data and basic data of the surface of the water within the ship to be operated by lakes and rivers inland. In this study previously, there was no survey activity data of Ferry and Cruise ship in Korea. In order to ensure the basic data and development of measures to reduce efficiently by local governments, these studies should be performed. Therefore, in the present study was survey the activity data such as cruising time and engine load factor and the specifications of the vessels. As a result, by analyzing the cruising pattern according to the area and the purpose of the cruise, to calculate the emissions of greenhouse gases.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.177-195
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic variables of ankle joints and EMG signal of the lower limbs muscle activity for the different walking speed. The subjects were 6 males of twenties. It was classified into three different walking speed-0.75m/s, 1.25m/s, 1.75m/s. The walking performances were filmed by high speed video camera and EMG signal was gained by ME3000P8 Measurement Unit. Tibialis anterior(TA), Gastrocnemius medial head(GM), Gastrocnemius lateral head(GL), Ssoleus(SO) were selected for the dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle joint. The result of this study were as follows: 1. In the gait cycle, The time parameters for the phases were showed significant difference without the terminal stance phase and terminal swing phase for the different walking speed. 2. The angle of ankle joint was no significant difference for each time point and MDF, MPF but increasing walking speed the angle had the increasing pattern slightly. 3. The angular velocity of ankle joint was showed the significant difference for LHC, RTO, RKC, LHU, MPF and MDF point along the walking speed. 4. TA was showed about 2-3 times muscle activity at the 1.75m/s than 1.25m/s in some phases. And it was showed the similar muscle activity between the 0.75m/s and 1.25m/s but, showed a little much muscle activity in the 0.75m/s. GM was showed about 2-3 times muscle activity in the 1.75m/s than 1.25m/s, and even much muscle activity at the 0.75m/s than 1.25m/s in some phases. GL was showed increasing pattern of muscle activity specially in the initial swing phase as the walking speed increased. SO was showed about 3 times muscle activity in the 1.75m/s than 1.25m/s during the plantarflexion of ankle joint. It was showed the similar muscle activity between the 0.75m/s and 1.25m/s but, showed a little much muscle activity in the 1.25m/s.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 1989

This study deals with the following problems about leisure activity of young people and leisure guidance of mothers, (1) Leisure activity of children by the independent variables, (2) Leisure guidance of mothers by the independent variables. (3) The relation between leisure guidance of mothers and leisure activity of young people. This research used the questionaire survey. The subjects were 830 couples of mother and pupil (pupils of 4, 5 and t grades in six primary school in Kwang-Ju city). The statistics used for data analysis were percentage, t, F-test, X2. The results of this study are summarized as follows; (1) Boys and girls average leisure hours: week days…2 hour, saturday…3 hours, Sunday and holiday…4.5 hours, the school vacation…6.2 hours. And leisure activity showed the significant difference in sex, age, educational level, family form (p 0.001, p 0.05, p 0.010). Generally, they had social & amusing leisure activity. And a hindrance cause of leisure activ ty is due to hard working in learning practice. (2) The necessity of leisure activity showed higher in the aged mother and high educated mother, lower in the poor family. And guidance content showed the significant difference in sex of children(p 0.001), educational level of parents(p 0.05). Actually mothers wanted intellectual leisure activity. (3) The relation between the leisure activity pattern desired by leisure activity of mothers and children pattern showed that mothers demanded the various patterns, but children wanted social & amusing leisure activities mainly. Only children's patterns agreed with mothers in the artistic, intellectual, activities on Saturday and during the vacation. And the relation between mothers satisfaction degree in the leisure activity of children and children's satisfaction degree showed the significant difference (p 0.05). Children's satisfaction degree is high, irrespective of mothers satisfaction degree.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.291-294
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to figure out the antibacterial pattern of leucocin A transformed yeast with culture. Dry cell weight, total secreted protein, and antibacterial activity were increased to 12 hour, after then they showed decrease while protease activity represented the opposite pattern. This implied the production of leucocin A was growth-related. Compared to the result of one hour culture broth, antibacterial activity was about 3.24 fold at 12 hour culture. Maximum growth inhibition rate was 70.57% compared to nontransformed yeast. As the increase of protease in the supernatant, the antibacterial activity was diminished. This study could permit the mass production of bacteriocin to use as antibiotics or food preservatives.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.633-640
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• 2007

The diurnal changes of chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidative enzyme activity were investigated in the leaves from four subtropical plant species (Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Bak., Osmanthus insularis Koidz., Asplenium antiquum Makino and Chloranthus glaber Makino) under the natural habitats in summer and winter. The intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence was lower in O-, I-, J-, P-steps of O-J-I-P transient in winter than summer, and prominent diurnal change was not found in the fluorescence intensity of four subtropical plant species in winter. The activity and isoenzyme pattern of SOD and catalase did irregularly change seasonally and diurnally in four subtropical plant species. In contrast, the peroxidase activity and isoenzyme pattern was different depending on plant species and growth seasons; The activity increased slightly more in winter than in summer in four subtropical plant species, and several isoenzymes appeared in the leaves from C. asiaticum var japonicum, O. insularis and A. antiquum in winter.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 1991

The hairy root was induced form potato tuber disc by infection of a. rhizogenes. The detection of the agropine and mannopine by paper electrophoresis confirmed that induced hairy root was transformed by A. rhizogenes. The activity of peroxidase was the highest at 5 weeks and isozyme pattern of peroxidase revealed 3 cathodic bands and 2 anodic bands and new C4 band(pI 4.6) was observed at 7 weeks after cultivation in hairy root was isoelectric focusing. To study the effect of Ca2+ on cell wall formation in hairy root, channel blocker of Ca2+ was treated. The activity of $\beta$-glucan synthetase II(GS II) related to cell wall synthesis was inhibited by about 50% in diltiazem and flunarizine treatment than that of control, but stimulated in CaCl2 treatment. Therefore these results showed that Ca2+ might be an effective factor in the cell wall formation. The activity of GS II by NaF treatment was increased by about 30%. This result suggested that the activity GS II is changed through phosphorylation process.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.28-37
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• 2013

This study examined differences in the activity of upper limb muscles according to how an ultrasound head is gripped. Twenty-two adult males were participated in the study. Each participant was asked to apply ultrasound treatment on to a lump of pork meat by two different ultrasound head grip patterns: spherical and cylindrical grips. Muscle activity was measured in the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), and pronator teres (PT), triceps brachii (TB), middle deltoid (MD), and upper trapezius (UT) muscles. There were no significant differences in the EMG signals of any muscle according to the ultrasound head grip pattern (p>.05). There were significant differences in the EMG signal of each type of muscle (p<.05). The EMG signal of UT was the lowest and that of TB was lower than ECRL and FCU. There were interactions between ECRL and FCU, between ECRL and PT, between FCU and ECRL, and between FCU and MD. The EMG signal of ECRL using the cylindrical head was low and that of FCU with the cylindrical head was high, while the opposite was the case with the spherical head ($p_{adj}$ <.05/15). The results of this study indicate that the wrist muscles worked actively when the participants applied ultrasound therapy using both spherical and cylindrical heads. A spherical head might induce imbalanced muscle activity among the wrist muscles, leading to deviation of the wrist joint. Therefore, the cylindrical head is recommended for ultrasound therapy because it produced a constant, repeated force.