• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.204-213
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• 1997

In this paper, an application of fuzzy-neuron reasoning to the control of an activated sludge plant is presented. The activated sludge process is widely used in modern wastewater treatment plants. The operation control of the activated sludge process, however, is difficult due to the following reasons : 1)The complexity of the wastewater components, 2)the change of the wastewater influent, and 3)the adjustment errors in the control process. Because of these reasons, it is difficult to obtain mathematical model that really reflect the relationship between the variables and parameters in the process of wastewater treatment correctively and effectively. In this paper, the activated sludge process(A.S.P.) is modeled by a new fuzzy-neuron network representing nonlinear characteristics. These fuzzy-neurons have fuzzy rules with complementary membership function. Based on the constructed model, graphic simulator on X-window system as a graphic integrated environment is implemented. The efficacy of the proposed control scheme was evaluated and demonstrated by means of the field test.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aims to identify changes in the mirror neuron system in normal people through mu rhythm during action observation of occupation-based intervention, purposeful activity and prepare a method of intervention form of occupation using occupation and activity. Methods: TThis study aims to identify changes in the mirror neuron system in normal people through mu rhythm during action observation of occupation-based intervention, purposeful activity and prepare a method of intervention form of occupation using occupation and activity. The activation of the mirror neuron system was compaired among 3 condition by oneway ANOVA. Results: The result of analysis showed mu suppression in all conditions. Although all conditions showed mu suppression, there was no significant difference among the conditions. Conclusion: The results suggest that the mirror neuron system is activated during action observation to be able to occupational therapy but the mirror neuron system is not separately activated among the conditions.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2006

Synaptic plasticity, which is a long lasting change in synaptic efficacy, underlies many neural processes like learning and memory. It has long been acknowledged that new protein synthesis is essential for both the expression of synaptic plasticity and memory formation and storage. Most of the research interests in this field have focused on the events regulating transcriptional activation of gene expression from the cell body and nucleus. Considering extremely differentiated structural feature of a neuron in CNS, a neuron should meet a formidable task to overcome spatial and temporal restraints to deliver newly synthesized proteins to specific activated synapses among thousands of others, which are sometimes several millimeters away from the cell body. Recent advances in synaptic neurobiology has found that almost all the machinery required for the new protein translation are localized inside or at least in the vicinity of postsynaptic compartments. These findings led to the hypothesis that dormant mRNAs are translationally activated locally at the activated synapse, which may enable rapid and delicate control of new protein synthesis at activated synapses. In this review, we will describe the mechanism of local translational control at activated synapses focusing on the role of cytoplasmic polyadenylation of dormant mRNAs.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.104-108
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• 2003

A biologically inspired fuzzy multilayer perceptron is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is established under consideration of biological neuronal structure as well as fuzzy logic operation. We applied this suggested learning algorithm to benchmark problem in neural network such as exclusive OR and 3-bit parity, and to digit image recognition problems. For the comparison between the existing and proposed neural networks, the convergence speed is measured. The result of our simulation indicates that the convergence speed of the proposed learning algorithm is much faster than that of conventional backpropagation algorithm. Furthermore, in the image recognition task, the recognition rate of our learning algorithm is higher than of conventional backpropagation algorithm.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.409-420
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• 1989

Extracellular recordings were made from the spinal neurons in the lumbar enlargement of 16 cats before and during electrical stimulation of the radial nerve ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Only neurons activated by remote nerve stimulation (RNS) were included in sample. All the cell classes of spinal neurons which received afferents message from the skin and/or muscles were activated by RNS except LT cells. Approximately three quaters of cells activated by RNS had an inhibitory receptive field (RF) on the ipsilateral hindlimb and two thirds of RNS-activated neurons showed spontaneous activity. The most of these RNS-activated cells seemed to be in deep dorsal horn and in ventral horn as well. Stimulation of contralateral radial nerve produced activation of spinal neurons almost same degree as by ipsilateral nerve stimulation. The optimal stimulation parameters of radial nerve for activation of spinal cells were 5Hz-0.5 msec-2V while threshold stimulus for activation was approximately 0.18 V. Following close intra-arterial injection of $K^+$ ion excitability of RNS-activated neuron was increased in 4 of 8 cells whereas it was decreased in 2 of 8 cells. The results indicate that there are some spinal neurons in the lumbar enlargement of cats that can be activated by forelimb afferent $(A{\beta}\;&\;A{\delta})$ inputs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

To investigate the contributions of intrinsic membrane properties to the spontaneous activity of medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons, we assessed the effects of blocking large and small calcium-activated potassium channels by means of patch clamp recordings. Almost all the MVN neurons recorded in neonatal $(P13{\sim}P17)$ rat were shown to have either a single deep after-hyperpolarization (AHP; type A cells), or an early fast and a delayed slow AHP (type B cells). Among the recorded MVN cells, immature action potential shapes were found. Immature type A cell showed single uniform AHP and immature B cell showed a lack of the early fast AHP, and the delayed AHP was separated from the repolarization phase of the spike by a period of isopotentiality. Application of apamin and charybdotoxin (CTX), which selectively block the small and large calcium-activated potassium channels, respectively, resulted in significant changes in spontaneous firings. In both type A and type B cells, CTX (20 nM) resulted in a significant increase in spike frequency but did not induce bursting activity. By contrast, apamin (300 nM) selectively abolished the delayed slow AHP and induced bursting activity in type B cells. Apamin had no effect on the spike frequency of type A cells. These data suggest that there are differential roles of apamin and CTX sensitive potassium conductances in spontaneous firing patterns of MVN neurons, and these conductances are important in regulating the intrinsic rhythmicity and excitability.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.81-103
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• 2005

The Neuron structure in a nervous system consists of inhibitory neurons and excitory neurons. Both neurons are activated by agonistic neurons and inactivated by antagonist neurons. In this paper, we proposed a physiological fuzzy neural network by analyzing the physiological neuron structure in the nervous system. The proposed structure selectively activates the neurons which go through a state of excitement caused by agonistic neurons and also transmit the signal of these neurons to the output layers. The proposed physiological fuzzy neural networks based on the nervous system consists of a input player, and the hidden layer which classifies features of learning data, and output layer. The proposed fuzzy neural network is applied to recognize bronchial squamous cell carcinoma images and car plate images. The result of the experiments shows that the learning time, the convergence, and the recognition rate of the proposed physiological fuzzy neural networks outperform the conventional neural networks.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.109-110
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• 2017

The nature of encoded information in neural circuits is determined by neuronal firing patterns and frequencies. This paper discusses the molecular identity and cellular mechanisms of spike-frequency adaptation in the central nervous system (CNS). Spike-frequency adaptation in thalamocortical (TC) and CA1 hippocampal neurons is mediated by the $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^-$ channel (CACC) anoctamin-2 (ANO2). Knockdown of ANO2 in these neurons results in increased number of spikes, in conjunction with significantly reduced spike-frequency adaptation. No study has so far demonstrated that CACCs mediate afterhyperpolarization currents, which result in the modulation of neuronal spike patterns in the CNS. Our study therefore proposes a novel role for ANO2 in spike-frequency adaptation and transmission of information in the brain.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2015

The immediate early gene c-fos has long been known as a molecular marker of neural activity. The neuron's activity is transformed into intracellular calcium influx through NMDA receptors and L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels. For the transcription of c-fos, neural activity should be strong enough to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which shows low calcium sensitivity. Upon translation, the auto-inhibition by Fos protein regulates basal Fos expression. The pattern of external stimuli and the valence of the stimulus to the animal change Fos signal, thus the signal reflects learning and memory aspects. Understanding the features of multiple components regulating Fos signaling is necessary for the optimal generation and interpretation of Fos signal.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.10-18
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• 1985

The posterior hypothalamus of the hibernating greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai Kuroda) were observed with an electron microscope. The posterior hypothalamus is known to be closely related to the reflex responses activated by cold, and the following observations were obtained in the cellular type of nerve cells: there are three types of neurons in the posterior hypothalamus. 1. The first type of neuron was the largest, ovoid or conical in shape, the nucleus was elliptic and the nuclear envelope had many deep invaginations. The cell organelles were well developed, in particular there was an abundance of variously shaped mitochondria, and the Golgi complex and the polysomes were observed in the cytoplasm. 2. The second type of neuron was moderate in size, ovoid or elliptic in shape, the nucleus was located nearer to the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope had. a few invaginations. The cytoplasm was rich in amount compared with that of the third type of neuron, and the cell organelles, especially the rough endoplasmic reticulum were well developed. Also lipofuscin pigments were observed. 3. The third type of neuron was the smallest in size and round in shape. The nucleus and the nucleolus were observed in the central portion of the cell body and the nuclear envelope had a few invaginations. The cytoplasm was small compared with those of the first and second types, but the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the mitechondria and the polysomes were relatively well developed. The cytoplasm was characterized by the presence of membrane-bound small bodies with a single membrane containing a fine particular substance around the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complexes.