• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.61-74
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• 1967

In order to confirm whether acquired immunity or resistance can be developed by the repeated hookworm infections, the 150 mature actively moving filariform ancylostoma duodenale larvae obtained from the severe hookworm anemia patients were orally given to 8 healthy volunteers in three divided doses, 50 in each, at 5 day interval. Also the hematological changes as well as several ferrokinetics using $^{59}Fe$ were done and were compared with 10 controls. The clinical symptoms and signs were checked every day for the first 3 weeks and then twice weekly until the end of the experiment. The appearance of the ova in the stool was examined by the formalin ether method and the ova was counted by the Stoll's method. The following laboratory tests were done: 1) Red blood cell count, venous blood hematocrit(micromethod), hemoglobin count (cyanomethemoglobin method) were checked every 5 to 7 day interval. 2) Plasma iron concentration (Barkan's modified method) was determined every 2 to 3 week interval. 3) Radioisotope studies: a) Ferrokinetics: Huff et al and Bothwell's method were applied. Erythropoietic Index (% of normal)=$\frac{Subject's\;turnover/100ml\;whole\;blood{\times}100}{Average\;normal\;turnover/100ml\;whole\;blood}$ of the gastrointestinal absorption of iron: Radioiron($^{59}Fe$) balance b) Quantitative measurement method was applied. c) Determination of the plasma erythropoietin activity: Fried's method was applied. Following were the results: 1) The serum iron level was lower. The red cell volume was decreased, but with relative increase of plasma volume. 2) The plasma iron disappearance time was accelerated and the plasma iron turnover rate was decreased. The red cell iron turnover rate was markedly increased, while all of the red cell iron concentration, circulating red cell iron. plasma iron pool were decreased. The daily iron pool turnover and red cell renewal rate were increased. 3) The erythropoietic index, erythropoietin activity and intestinal absorption of iron($^{59}Fe$) were markedly increased. 4) The infectivity was $9.8{\pm}1.31%$ which was lower than that observed in the single infection. 5) From these observations, it is concluded that the hookworm anemia is essentially iron deficieny in its origin and some immunity acquisition is possible with repeated infections.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1324-1334
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• 2019

Fish mycobacteriosis is a common bacterial disease in many species of freshwater and marine fish and has caused severe loss of fish production. Mycobacterium marinum has been the most prevalent pathogen observed in several outbreaks of mycobacteriosis of farmed sturgeons in China. However, the immune responses and pathology of sturgeons in mycobacterial infection are rarely studied. Therefore, we used the Illumina RNA-seq method to analyze the transcriptome profile of Acipenser schrenckii challenged with Mycobacterium marinum. To begin, 168,220 non-redundant contigs were acquired from the infection and control groups, and among these, 33,225 contigs have acquired annotations. A total of 4,043 differently expressed (DE) contigs between the two groups were identified, and among these, 2479 were up-regulated and 1564 were down-regulated in the infected fish. A total of 1,340 DE contigs with acquired annotations in KEGG were enriched for 124 pathways including the TNF signaling pathway, and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The roles of DE genes involved in significant pathways and other processes were discussed. The 2,209 DE contigs that have yet to acquire proper annotation may represent candidate genes associated with infection in sturgeons and are expected to serve as immunogenetic resources for further study. To our best knowledge, this is the first transcriptome study on sturgeons under bacterial infection.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2013

Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the infection with Toxoplasma gondii through congenital or acquired routes. Once the parasite reaches the retina, it proliferates within host cells followed by rupture of the host cells and invasion into neighboring cells to make primary lesions. Sometimes the restricted parasite by the host immunity in the first scar is activated to infect another lesion nearby the scar. Blurred vision is the main complaint of ocular toxoplasmic patients and can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies or parasite DNA. Ocular toxoplasmosis needs therapy with several combinations of drugs to eliminate the parasite and accompanying inflammation; if not treated it sometimes leads to loss of vision. We describe here clinical features and currently available chemotherapy of ocular toxoplasmosis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2005

저자들은 평소 건강하게 지내던 소아에서 발생한 식도 칸디다증 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.2082-2089
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• 2015

Avian beta-defensin 9 (AvBD9) is a small cationic peptide consisting of 41 amino acids that plays a crucial rule in innate immunity and acquired immunity in chickens. Owing to its wide antibacterial spectrum, lack of a residue, and failure to induce bacterial drug resistance, AvBD9 is expected to become a substitute for conventional antibiotics in the livestock and poultry industries. Using the preferred codon of Pichia pastoris, the mature AvBD9 peptide was designed and synthesized, based on the sequence from GenBank. The P. pastoris constitutive expression vector pGHKα was used to construct a pGHKα-AvBD9 recombinant plasmid. Restriction enzyme digestion was performed using SacI and BglII to remove the ampicillin resistance gene, and the plasmid was electrotransformed into P. pastoris GS115. High-expression strains with G418 resistance were screened, and the culture supernatant was analyzed by Tricine-SDS-PAGE and western blot assay to identify target bands of about 6 kDa. A concentrate of the supernatant containing AvBD9 was used for determination of antimicrobial activity. The supernatant concentrate was effective against Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella pullorum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterobacter cloacae. The fermentation product of P. pastoris carrying the recombinant AvBD9 plasmid was adjusted to 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/ml and added to the drinking water of white feather broilers at different concentrations. The daily average weight gain and immune organ indices in broilers older than 7 days were significantly improved by the AvBD9 treatment.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.420-438
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• 1998

Herba Xanthii(HX), Radix Xantluii(RX) and Fructus Xanthii(FX) is one of the oriental medicine that has been used for the treatment of such infectious diseases and tumors. However, the mechanism of the drug is not investigated much. This study was done to know the effects of HX, RX and FX extract on the such innate immunities as phagocytic function and reactive radical formtions from phagocytes and the such acquired immunities as humoral and cell-mediated immunities. The followings are the results obtained from this study: 1. HX2 and FX1 groups increases the in vivo phagocytic activity of mononuclear phagocytes. 2. HXB, RXB, RXC, FXB and FXC groups increase the in vitro phagocytic activities. 3. RXB group stimulated the macrophages to produce nitric oxide in the presence of $interferon-{\gamma}$ $(IFN-{\gamma})$. 4. HX and RX whole groups increased the luminol-amplified reactive oxygen intermediate production in vivo. 5. HX whole and RX1, FX2 groups increased the lucigenin-amplified reactive oxygen intennediate production in vivo. 6. HXC group only increased the luminol-amplified reactive oxygen intermediate production in vitro. 7. HXB, FXB and FXC groups increased the lucigenin-amplified reactive oxygen intermediate production in vitro. 8. HX2, RX1 and FX whole groups increased the hemolysin formations from B cells. 9. HX, RX and FX whole groups significantly increased the rosette forming cells from the spleen. 10. HX, RX and FX whole groups significantly decreased the delayed-type hypersensitivity measured by footpad swelling. The above results demonstrate that HX, RX and FX has enhancing effects on innate immunity selectively and decreasing effects on delayed-type hypersensitivity of cell-mediated immunity according to medicinal part and diluted condition. This immunomodulating effects of HX, RX and FX might be responsible for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1919-1927
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• 2006

Tumor cells genetically engineered to secrete cytokines are effective in tumor therapy, but various unexpected side effects are observed, which may result from the bulk activation of various bystander cells. In this study, we tested tumor vaccines expressing various membrane-bound forms of IL-2 (mbIL-2) on MethA fibrosarcoma cells to focus antitumor immune responses to CTL. Chimeric forms of IL-2 with whole CD4, deletion forms of CD4, and TNF were expressed on the tumor cell surface, respectively. Tumor clones expressing mbIL-2 or secretory form of IL-2 were able to support the cell growth of CTLL-2, an IL-2-dependent T cell line, and the proliferation of spleen cells from 2C TCR transgenic mice that are responsive to the $p2Ca/L^d$ MHC class I complex. Expression of mbIL-2 on tumor cells reduced the tumorigenicity of tumor cells, and the mice that once rejected the live IL-2/TNF tumor clone acquired systemic immunity against wild-type MethA cells. The IL-2/TNF clone was inferior to other clones in tumor formation, and superior in the stimulation of the CD8+ T cell population in vitro. These results suggest that the IL-2/TNF clone is the best tumor vaccine, and may stimulate CD8+ T cells by direct priming. Expression of IL-2/TNF on tumor cells may serve as an effective gene therapy method to ameliorate the side effects encountered in the recombinant cytokine therapy and the conventional cytokine gene therapy using the secretory form of IL-2.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.359-365
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• 2020

This study aimed to investigate the causes of bacterial growth to prevent infection caused by ultrasound gel and gel containers in contact with patients during ultrasonography. To investigate bacterial contamination during manufacturing or storage, we cultured ultrasound gels originally supplied from three manufacturers. To analyze bacterial growth according to the lapse of time and frequency of use of the ultrasound gel container, the gel and container were cultured at regular intervals every week for 4 weeks. In addition, to determine the source of infection, the examiner's hand was inspected with hand plate and the degree of bacterial contamination was measured before the test. As a result of the study, bacteria were not detected in the gel provided at the initial supply, and in the gel and gel container used repeatedly for 4 weeks, the same bacteria residing on the skin were identified in the examiner's hand, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Leuconostoc mesenteroid spp cremoris, Kocuria rhizophila, and etc. Separated strains were classified as those of the low- or non-pathogenicity; however, most of these strains may render fatal consequences to patients of lower level of immunity due to acquired tolerance to antibiotics. At week 1, when the number of tests was the highest, 44 colonies were identified, and at week 4, when the number of tests was the lowest, 4 colonies were identified. As r=0.994, it was found that the number of colonies increased as the number of tests increased. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the cause of the infection was not the ultrasound gel, but the examiner's hand. The ultrasound gel or gel container may be contaminated by skin flora of examiner's hands, which can cause opportunistic infection in patients with low immunity. The ultrasound gel or gel container may be contaminated by skin flora of examiner's hands, which can cause opportunistic infection in patients with low immunity. Therefore, it was confirmed that thorough hand disinfection was necessary to block healthcare-associated infections.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.921-927
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• 2002

Inflammation is localized response to foreign substance such as bacteria or in some instance to internally produced substances and has relation with immunity system. The macrophages plays a role in the development of the Iymphohaemopoietic system before and after birth, as well as in the natural and acquired immune responses of adult to immunogens, including infectious agents. NO have been suggested to play an important role in endotoxin-mediated shock and imflammation. In this study, we investigated the effect of Omisodok-eum on the production of NO. The Omisodok-eum inhibited the secretion of NO in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages, without affecting cell viability. The protein level of inducible nitric oxide synlhase(iNOS) in peritoneal macrophages was also decreased by Omisodok-eum. These results suggest that Omisodok-eum suppresses the endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses through inhibiting the production of NO

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.194-199
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• 1996

Cryptococcosis is a rare in normal child and the majority of cases usually occur in patients with defective cell-mediated immunity. Infection is acquired by inhalation of organisms from the environment and disseminated via the blood stream to any organ of the body. We experienced a 7 year old girl who presented with fever, both cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly under the impression of lymphoma. However lymph node biopsy revealed cryptococcal budding and culture of lymph nodes yielded cryptococcus neoformans. The radiologic finding showed huge, multiple cervical lymph node enlargement spreading to mediastinum and abdomen. The immune fuction in term of T cell, B cell, serum immunoglobulin, complement and neutrophil function tests was normal. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and flucytosine for 6 weeks and responded to the treatment well. We report this case with brief review of the related literatures.