• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제73권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2012

Background: This study evaluates the bacterial pathogens of Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: A total of 109 bacterial pathogens from 91 adult patients with VAP, who were admitted to the medical intensive care unit from January 2008 to December 2009, were examined. Clinical characteristics, bacterial pathogens, and resistance profiles were analyzed. Results: Staphylococcus aureus (44%) was the most frequently isolated. Acinetobacter baumanii (30%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6%), and Serratia marcescens (2%) were isolated from the transtracheal aspirates or bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with VAP. There was no significant difference of bacterial pathogens between early and late onset VAP. All isolated S. aureus were methicillin resistant S. aureus; the imipenem resistance rate of A. baumanii was 69%. Conclusion: The two most frequent pathogens of VAP were S. aureus and A. baumanii. There were no pathogenic differences between early and late onset VAP.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2011

The Multidrug-resistant Acinetobactor baumanii (MDRAB) is an opportunistic pathogen. Patients with long periods of hospital stay and/or under intensive care unit (ICU) receiving invasive management are more susceptible to this pathogen. In this report, four children with MDRAB infection are reviewed and described their clinical characteristics. There had been concurrent outbreaks of MDRAB infection in adult patients in the ICU at this period of time. The first child had received a craniotomy and epidural hematoma evacuation. The second child was admitted for status epilepticus with hydrocephalus. The third child had pneumonia with status epilepticus with hydrocephalus. The fourth child had poor activity due to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and convulsive disorder. Except the fourth child, all had not been exposed to carbapenem prior to infection of MDRAB. That imply the cause of MDRAB infections may be associated with invasive management and prolonged hospitalization together with the previous exposure to carbapenem in our cases. We would like to emphasize the importance and minimizing the spread of hospital infection in patients under prolonged intensive care management regardless of the use of carbapenem.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.153-158
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• 1992

From several sites of petroleum storage basement in South Coasts in Korea, various petroleum degrading bacteria have been isolated and characterized as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas maltophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. They show the ability of petroleum degradation on minimal media which contains petroleum as sole carbon source and loose the ability at high concentration of NaCl as increasing the concentration of NaCl from 0.5% to 6%. It has been confirmed that such bacteria have utilized the simple saturate hydrocarbon; n-decane, n-hexane, n-octane and n-decane because petroleum consists of various kinds of organic compounds. It has been also identified that petroleum degrading bacteria habor the plasmid and show the antibiotic resistance against ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. These results strongly suggest that the petroleum degrading gene and antibiotic resistance gene might be located on the high molecular weight plasmid.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2016

A novel Amycolatopsis strain KCTC 29142 was isolated and characterized based on the polyphasic taxonomic analysis including morphological observation, phylogenetic analysis, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics. The ethyl acetate extract of strain KCTC 29142 culture broth showed strong antibacterial activity and the active compound was identified as siderochelin A, a ferrous-ion chelating compound. In this study, siderochelin A showed good activity against multi-drug resistant pathogens, including Acinetobacter baumanii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The minimum inhibitory activity against clinical isolates was also determined.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.431-437
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• 2018

Acinetobacter baumannii is categorized as a red alert pathogen that is increasingly associated with a high mortality rate in infected patients because of its resistance to extensive antibiotics. This study evaluated the antibacterial activities of some essential oils (tee tree, rosemary, and lavender oils) against 18 clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MRAB). The carbapenemase screening Hodge test showed that all 20 strains of A. baumannii were resistant to imipenem. The identification of multidrug-resistant microbes was carried out using the VITEK system. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils was tested by a disk diffusion method against MRAB. In the disk diffusion method, tea tree showed the largest increase in inhibition size compared to lavender oil, and rosemary had no antibacterial effect. These results proved the antimicrobial effect of multidrug resistance A. baumannii. Tee tree oil would be a useful alternative natural product for the treatment and prevention of most common human pathogens and MRAB infections. This is expected to be used as an antimicrobial agent, such as hand disinfectant using natural essential oil in the future.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.327-330
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• 1993

A series of 2-chloro and 2-bromo-3-(substituted)-1, 4-naphthalenedione derivatives (1-25) were tested for antifungal and antibacterial activities in vitro against Candida albicans 10231 aand Local, Aspergillus niger KCTC 1231, Tricophyton mentagrophytes KCTC 6085, Fusarium oxysporium KTCC 6501, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Pseudomonas arruginosa NCTC 10490, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6358p, Escherichia coli NIHJ and Acinetobacter baumanii Local. The MiC values were determined by twofold afar diution/streak method. Among thee derivatives, 1, 9, 20, 21, 23 and 25 showed more potent antifungal activities than fluconazole. 20 and 23 completely inhibited the gorwth of fungi, such as Candida albicans, Aspegillus niger, Ticophyton mentagrophytes and fusarium oxysporium, at $3.2\;\mu{g/ml}$. Also some derivatives had the antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2008

Background: Acinetobacter infections are difficult to treat as they often exhibit multiple resistance to the antibiotics that are currently available for the treatment of pneumonia. Colistin is active against gram-negative bacteria, including the multiple drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter species. However, intravenous administration of colistin was abandoned because of its nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The aims of this study were to examine the efficacy and safety of colistin administered by aerosol in the treatment of pneumonia caused by MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from Dec. 2006 to Aug. 2007 who had been diagnosed as suffering from pneumonia due to MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and had been treated with nebulized colistin. Results: 31 patients received aerosolized colistin. The average duration of the treatment was $14{\pm}7$ days and the daily dose of ranged from 225 mg to 300 mg. All patients received concomitant intravenous antimicrobial agents. The average length of the stay in the ICU was $34{\pm}21$ days and in the hospital $58{\pm}52$ days. The overall microbiological eradication was observed in 25 patients (80.6%). 14 of these (56%) were cured, and 11 (44%) were infected with other microorganisms. The overall crude mortality of the ICU was 48%. Nephrotoxicity and significant bronchial constriction did not occur in any patient during neublized colistin treatment. Conclusion: Nebulized colistin may be a safe and effective option in the treatment of pneumonia due to MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Its role in therapy warrants further investigation in comparative studies.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.590-593
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• 2011

Purpose: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the third most frequently reported nosocomial infection. Of these SSIs, mostly were confined to the incision associated with underlying disease as diabetes, cigarette smoking, systemic steroid use, obesity, operating room environment, suture and surgical technique. This study has been planned to reduce the SSIs by using Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ (Ethicon, USA) which contains triclosan, a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, into the infected wound to evaluate whether or not Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ (Ethicon, USA) is effective to nosocomial bacteria using a zone of inhibition assay. Methods: We did a comparison of Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ suture (with triclosan) size 2-0, 5-0 with $Vicryl^{(R)}$ suture (without triclosan) size 4-0 each as treatment and control group, applied in Mueller-Hinton agar infected by following mircroorganisms: Methicillin-sensitive $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ (MSSA), Methicillin-resistant $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumanii, $Escherichia$ $coli$, Enterobacter faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans. Cultures were made of the selected mircroorganisms, seeding the study strain in agar plates for 24 and 48-hour period in an oven at $37^{\circ}C$ followed by zone of inhibition assay. Results: Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ group has demonstrated to create a zone of inhibition against MRSA, MSSA and $A.$ $baumanii$, but no effect on $E.$ $faecalis$, $P.$ $aeruginosa$, $C.$ $albicans$. Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ suture size 2-0 also had antibactericidal effect while Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ suture size 5-0 did not. $Vicryl^{(R)}$ group had no zones of inhibition showing colonization at all mircroorganisms. Conclusion: Our results seem to warrant the use of Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ as absorbable buried suture when concerning SSIs as a prophylaxis against surgical nosocomial infection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2011

Purpose : Acinetobacter baumannii is an aerobic, gram negative coccobacillus. Due to its pathogenicity and ability to accumulate diverse mechanisms of resistance, the importance of this organism is increasing. Many reports have targeted adults, and studies of pediatric patients are limited. This study aims to investigate the current status of A. baumannii infection in children. Methods : From January 2001 to December 2008, 505 patients hospitalized with A. baumannii infection were enrolled. Admission records for underlying disease, duration of hospitalization, previous antibiotic use, location of admission, presence of ventilator care, and resistance to antibiotics were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results : Hemato-oncological disease and neurological disease were 30.6% and 24.3% of all cases; therefore, these were the most common underlying diseases of patients with A. baumannii infection. Prevalence of A. baumannii infection was 78.1% in patients with previous antibiotic use, which was higher than that of the group not using previous antibiotic. And prevalence of multi-drug resistant and pan-drug resistant A. baumannii infection was 76.4% and 38.3% in patients with ICU care, 76.8% and 38.9% with ventilator care, and these were higher than the others. Rate of resistance to all groups of antibiotics showed a gradual increase to over 50% in 2008. Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii was 63.5% and pan-drug resistant A. baumannii was 48.2% of all cases. Conclusion : Prevalence of A. baumannii infection and resistance to antibacterial agents of A. baumannii is increasing. Adequate use of antibiotics and infection control should be emphasized in pediatric patients.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.307-315
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• 2013

Objective: Colistimethate was first became available in 1950s and used until the early 1980s to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria and was abandoned due to its nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. However, it was recently reintroduced into the clinical practices due to emergence of multidrug-resistance gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii. Therefore, it is increasingly used in the intensive care unit settings as a salvage therapy. This study was designed to investigate the incidence rates and risk factors of acute kidney injury associated with colistimethate by using the standardized definition in critically ill patients. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 71 adult patients above 18 years old receiving intravenous colistimethate at least 48 hours at intensive care unit, university-affiliated hospital from Nov 2012 to Aug 2013 and excluded patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and required renal replacement therapy before initiation of the colistimethate therapy. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was determined by using the standardized RIFLE criteria, classified with risk, injury, failure, loss and ESRD according to serum creatinine (Scr) levels. Results: Among the 71 patients included in the analysis, AKI developed in 40 patients (56.3%) and 6 patients (8.4%) had irreversible kidney injury. AKI occurred within 5 days in 20 patients (50.0%). Maximum Scr level showed a significant increase in the patients with AKI ($1.92{\pm}0.86mg/dL$ vs. $1.12{\pm}0.46mg/dL$ p=0.001), maximum BUN also increased ($64.2{\pm}28.7mg/dL$ vs. $48.4{\pm}24.9mg/dL$ p=0.017) and minimum creatinine clearance (CLcr) was significantly decreased in the patients with AKI than non-AKI ($34.5{\pm}18.6ml/min$ vs. $64.4{\pm}33.7ml/min$ p=0.185). The patients with AKI had significantly longer duration of colistimethate therapy ($21.1{\pm}17.0$ days vs. $13.0{\pm}11.5$ days, p=0.020) and larger cumulative doses of colistimethate ($6465.9{\pm}4717.0mg$ vs. $4438.1{\pm}3426.7mg$, p=0.040). Conclusion: The incidence and severity of AKI associated with colistimethate in critically ill patients was high and serious. Drug monitoring program should be performed to shorten duration of therapy and reduce cumulative dose from initiation of colistimethate therapy for minimizing AKI of colistimethate.