• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.738-742
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• 1990

감과실의 성숙과 추숙중 세포벽의 함량은 감소하는 경향이었고, 성숙중에는 pectin질과 알칼리 가용성 hemicellulose의 함량은 증가하는 반면 산 가용성 hemicellulose와 lignin은 감소하였다. 그러나 연시에서는 pectin질과 알칼리 가용성 hemicelloluse의 감소와 산가용성 hemicellulose의 증가가 뚜렷하였다. 그리고 성숙과 추숙중에 cellulose의 함량은 증가하였으며, 생체당 세포벽 다당류의 함량은 감소하였다. 총 pectin질과 불용성 pectin질의 함량은 성숙중에는 증가하였으나 연시에서는 현저히 감소하였으며, 반면에 수용성 pectin질의 함량은 성숙과 추숙중에 증가하였다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.64-70
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• 1996

Wool yarns were treated in dimethylformamide solutions containing various concntrations of three dibasic acid anhydrides: succinic, itaconic, and phthalic arthydrides in various conditions. The structurl aspects of these dibasic acid anhydries are different: succinic, itaconic, and phthalic acid arthydrides have saturated aliphatic ethylene, unsaturated aliphatic vinyl and aromatic phenyl one groups, respectively. The properties of acylated wool keratin are as follows: Decreasing amino group and increasing carboxyl group by acylation lowered the hydrophilic property, and then moisture regain, and decreased acid dye uptake and enhanced cationic dye uptake of wool keratin. In the case of phthalic acid anhydries, in spite of lowest acyl content, the minimum of moisture regain was resulted from the bulk benzen ring, occuping much more voids on wool keratin molecules than other reagents. Acid solubility was increased by the decrease of amino group and hydrogen bonding by acylation. Alkali solubility was also increased formation of new amide group on the side chain of keratin, which can be degraded easily by alkali. In the case of phthalic acid anhydride, the relative high solubility was resulted from the much higher molecular weight of dissolved fractions. The surface of wool keratin was not damaged by treatment with any acylating agent.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2012

Poly (carbonate diol)과 isophrone diisocyanate 그리고 dimethylol propionic acid로 부터 NCO/OH 몰 비를 0.8, 1.1, 1.3으로 각각 조절하여 수분산 폴리우레탄(waterborne polyurethane dispersion, PUD)을 합성하였다. 이 용액에 알카리 금속염인 $LiClO_4$, $NaClO_4$, $KClO_4$를 첨가하여 대전방지용 수분산 폴리우레탄 코팅 용액을 제조하였다. 이 과정에서 첨가되는 알카리 금속염의 첨가량과 종류가 코팅 도막의 표면저항에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 알카리 금속염의 첨가량이 증가될수록 코팅 도막의 표면저항은 감소하였다. 그러나 PUD에 같은 양의 알카리 금속염이 첨가될 경우에는 $LiClO_4$ > $NaClO_4$ > $KClO_4$의 순서로 코팅 도막의 이온 전도도가 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 PUD 내의 NCO/OH 몰 비가 증가함에 따라 코팅 도막의 표면저항이 증가하여 이온 전도도가 감소하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

A facile and precise batch oxidation reaction system allows continuous monitoring of the oxidation rate and cumulated oxygen conversion of xylenes, and the side reactions to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide may also be studied. The oxidation reaction can be analyzed precisely with the rate and amount of oxygen consumed. The reaction reveals that 4-carboxybenzaldehyde is an unstable intermediate of p-xylene oxidation as the reaction proceeds instantaneously from p-toluic acid to TPA (terephthalic acid). The alkali metals accelerate oxidation, even though they retard the reaction initially. The oxidation rate increases with decreasing water concentration. However, in the later part of reaction, the reactivity decreases a bit if the water concentration is very low. This retarding effect of water can be overcome partly by the addition of potassium. The oxidation of o-xylene, compared with the oxidation of p-xylene and m-xylene, proceeds quite fast initially, however, the oxidation rate of xylene isomers in the later stage of reaction is in the order of p-xylene > mxylene > o-xylene.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.255-264
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• 2009

본 연구는 화학적 전처리 공정이 목질계 바이오매스의 효소 가수분해에 미치는 영향을 구명할 목적으로 이태리포플러 분말을 1% 황산과 수산화나트륨 수용액을 이용하여 각각 $150^{\circ}C$와 $160^{\circ}C$에서 한 시간 동안 전처리를 실시하였다. 전처리된 시료는 건조과정을 거친 시료와 건조과정을 거치치 않은 시료로 각각 구분하여 화학적, 물리적 성상 및 효소 당화 효율에 미치는 영향을 비교, 분석하였다. 황산 전처리에 의한 바이오매스의 분해율은 약 24.5%로 수산화나트륨 전처리에 의한 분해율(18.6%)보다 약 6% 이상 높게 측정되었다. 반면, 탈리그닌화는 수산화나트륨이 우수하여 황산을 이용한 전처리보다 약 2% 가량 높게 나타났다. 결정화도는 미처리 시료와 비교하였을 때 황산과 수산화나트륨으로 전처리한 시료 모두 다소 높은 값을 나타내었는데, 이는 전처리 과정에서 비결정성 셀룰로오스가 결정영역보다 선택적으로 분해됨으로서 나타난 결과로 예측되었다. 주사전자현미경에 의한 표면 미세구조 관찰 결과, 황산, 수산화나트륨 전처리 모두 구성 성분들을 분해함으로써 목질바이오매스의 표면을 미처리 시료보다 거칠게 만들고 부분적인 균열을 발생시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 황산 전처리-건조 시료에서는 이러한 표면 거칠음이 대조구와 유사하게 다시 변화하였음을 관찰하였다. 시료 표면의 기공분포는 두가지 전처리 과정 모두를 통해 크게 증가하였음을 확인하였다. 그러나 수산화나트륨에 의해 전처리된 시료는 건조과정을 거친 경우에도 기공분포가 점차적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였지만, 황산으로 전처리한 시료는 건조과정을 거치면서 전처리에 의해 증가한 기공 분포가 다시 급격히 감소하여 미처리 시료와 유사한 기공분포를 나타내었다. 황산 전처리 후 건조과정을 거친 시료와 미건조 시료는 효소가수분해에 의한 소화율이 각각 7.0%와 26.9%로 측정된 반면, 수산화나트륨 전처리 후 건조된 시료와 미건조시료는 각각 39.7%와 45.8%로 나타나 알칼리에 의한 전처리가 산 전처리보다 소화율 향상을 위해 더 우수하였으며, 이러한 높은 소화율은 당화 효율에도 커다란 영향을 미치는 것으로 판명되었다. 아울러 전처리된 바이오매스의 건조는 소화율 및 당화 수율에 지대한 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.257-262
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• 2014

In this paper, the behavior of hydrogen embrittlement of 680MPa DP sheet steel according to hydrogen charging conditions in acid and alkali electrolytes atmosphere was investigated. At this time, 0.5 M $H_2SO_4$ and 0.5M NaOH was used for electrolytes atmosphere and the effect on embrittlemnet of 680MPa DP sheet steel according to current density and charging time was evaluated by the change of subsurface microhardness in DP specimens chared hydrogen. As a result of this experiment, the microhardness of the layer directly below the surface was increased more than the microhardness of the subsurface zone in both electrolytes cases, but the change of the subsurface microhardness in both electrolytes was more affected by the increase of charging time than the increase of current density. The microhardness of subsurface zone in 0.5 M $H_2SO_4$ acid electrolyte was increased more than the microhardness in 0.5M NaOH alkali electrolyte. It was supposed that acid atmosphere was more sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement than alkali atmosphere on electrolyte atmosphere of hydrogen charge.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.81-93
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• 1979

The mycelium of Rhizopus nigricans was harvested at intervals during the sporulation periods, fractioned into various cell components and analyzed the con!eiits of various cell materials in order to clarify the optimum conditions of sporulation and some characteristics of the metabolism during tke sporulation periods. The changes in enzyme activities, such as amylase and protease, were also measured during the sporulation period,. 1. Mycelium in distilled water culture, as control, did not sporulate but mycelial mat cultured in Petridish without mutrient spourulated. Optimum temperature range for sporulation was $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. 2. During the sporulation and maturation periods, proteins, especially alkali-labile protein were decreased remarkably but free amino acid and ninhydrin reactive substances in acid soluble fraction were increased, compared with control. 3. Acid solable polyphosphate was decreased but acid insoluble polyphosphate was increased, during the sporulation. 4. Carbohydrate and hexosamine in acid soluble fraction were increased, while carbohydrate in alkali insoluble residual fraction was decreased during the sporulation periods. 5. Amounts of UV-absorbing material in deoxyribonucleic acid fraction was increased a little but those in ribonucleic acid fraction was decreased, compared with control. 6. Intracellular amylases and proteases activities insporulating mycelial mat were increased continuously during the sporulation and maturation periods.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

Microwave assisted biodiesel production from crude Pongamia pinnata oil using homogeneous base catalyst (KOH) was unsuccessful because of considerable soap formation. Therefore, a two step process of biodiesel production from high free fatty acid (FFA) oil was investigated. In first step, crude P. pinnata oil was acid catalyzed using $H_2SO_4$ and acid value of oil was reduced to less than 4 mg KOH/g. Effect of sulfuric acid concentration, alcohol-oil molar ratio and microwave irradiation time on acid value of oil was studied. Result suggested that 1.5% $H_2SO_4$ (w/w), 6:1 methanol oil molar ratio and 3 min microwave irradiation time was sufficient to reduce the acid value of oil from 12 and 22 mg KOH/g to 2.9 and 3.9 mg/KOH/g, respectively. Oil obtained after pretreatment was subsequently used for microwave assisted alkali catalyzed transesterification. A higher biodiesel yield (99.0%) was achieved by adopting two step processes. Microwave energy efficiency during alkali catalyzed transesterification was also investigated. The results suggested a significant energy saving because of reduced reaction time under microwave heating.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.119-129
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• 1991

$\gamma$-FeOOH suitable for magnetic recording media was synthesized using waste acid which is the by-product of the iron works factory. Effects of concentration of the acid and alkali and reaction temperature on the particle properties of $\gamma$-FeOOH and magnetic properties of $\gamma$-$Fe_2O_3$ were studied. $\gamma$-FeOOH single phase was formed below 1M of acid concentration with 1M of alkali concentration and at 0.4M of acid concentration with 4M of alkali concentration. While the width of acicular particle was increased, the length of acicular particle was decreased with diluting acid concentration. The magnetic properties of the $\gamma$-$Fe_2O_3$ improved with increasing acid concentration. $\gamma$-FeOOH single phase was formed in the temperature range of 30 to $80^{\circ}C$. The length of the particle was decreased with increasing temperature. $\gamma$-Fe2O3 produced from dehydration of $\gamma$-FeOOH showed bad magnetic properties due to the presence of many pores in the particle. But with successive reduction and oxidation of $\gamma$-$Fe_2O_3$ produced from dehydration of $\gamma$-FeOOH, $\gamma$-$Fe_2O_3$ showed good magnetic properties.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1983

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 질산(窒酸)펄프화법의 기술(技術)을 확립하기 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻기 위하여 실시(實施)하였다. 값이 비싸고 목재(木材)에 침투성(浸透性)이 불량(不良)한 질산(窒酸)을 직접 적용시키지 아니하고, 알카리전처리(前處理)로 어느정도 탈리그닌이 진행된 시료(試料)를 사용, 질산(窒酸)펄프화 2단증해(段蒸解)를 행하여 전처리(前處理)가 탈리그닌 및 펄프수율(收率)에 미치는 영향(影響) 및 펄프화 과정(過程)에서의 탄수화물(炭水化物)과 리그닌의 용출(溶出)거동을 구명(究明)코저 하였다. 질산(窒酸)펄프화의 제(第) 1 단증해(段蒸解)에 있어서 증해시간(蒸解時間)이 증가함에 따라 펄프수율(收率)이 감소하였으며 질산농도(窒酸濃度) 1, 2%보다 3%가 펄프수율(收率) 및 탈리그닌에 현저히 영향(影響)하였다. 또한 알카리전처리(前處理)는 질산(窒酸)펄프의 수율(收率)에 크게 영향하였으며 79%의 전처리수율(前處理收率)로서 충분한 탈리그닌 효과(効果)를 얻을 수 있었다. 질산(窒酸)펄프화 과정에서 용출(溶出)되는 탄수화물(炭水化物)은 주로 xylose였으며, 이들의 용출(溶出)은 증해시간(蒸解時間)이 증가함에 따라 증가되었는바, 이는 탄수화물(炭水化物)에 대한 질산(窒酸)의 산화작용(酸化作用)으로 도입된 carbonyl기(基)가 탄수화물(炭水化物)의 붕괴를 초래한 결과로 생각된다.