• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.661-673
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• 1994

We have gathered a fatty acid to recycle the waste oil of food manufacturing process, and then made a soap from the waste oil by alkali saponification. Effects of the washing elements such as the concentration of the soap, temperature and time were evaluated to find out the optimum washing conditions, and results are as follows. 1. We could find soaps made from the soybean oil (A), corn oil (B), rape seed salad oil (C), cotton seed oil (D) and a soap consisting of the each oil 25% respectively (I) had the lowest surface tension at the concentration of 0.225% -0.25%. Compared with the single fatty-acid soap, the multi-component soap I showed the lower surface tension at the cmc. 2. All the samples of A-I showed the lowest contact angle for the solid material at the concentration of 0.25%. The multi-component soap of I showed higher contact angle than the single.component soaps of A, B, C and D. 3. The soap G, made from the waste oil, show lower surface tension than 5, made from the complex raw fats of the eatable fatty oil acid and H, commercial soap. 4. The washing efficiency depends on the washing time. Especially the 25-minute was found to be the optimum washing time. 5. The highest washing efficiency was found at the 0.25% cont. reagardless of the washing temperature. At 0.15% concentration level the washing efficiency reduces as washing tem- perature increases. At 0.3% concentration level the highest washing efficiency was found between $50^{\circ}$-$60^{\circ}$. 6. The soap made from the waste oil showed the highest washing efficiency in terms of concentration, temperature, and time. 7. The soap made from the waste oil showed the similiar concentration of hydrogen ion to the synthetic detergent. 8. The hand value of the fabric washed by the soap made from the waste oil was a little lower value than those washed by the synthetic detergent.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 2016

The present study investigated the effect of enzyme inclusion on silage quality using meta-analysis tool. A total of 16 research papers reporting the effect of enzyme application on silage quality were employed in the meta-analysis of this study. Mixed model for integrating quantitative results from multiple studies was used first to calculate the predicted error of each study. Individual error from the estimated model was the applied into standard deviation of each study to calculate the mean difference. Finally, summary effect was determined using standard mean difference (SMD) and inversed variance weighting. Mixed model analysis and SMD analysis showed the same effect patterns in all analysis items. Enzyme inclusion in silage significantly (p < 0.05) altered all silage quality characteristics investigated compared to control when enzyme was not included. Our results showed that enzyme treatment increased dry matter content, preserved crude protein effectively, and elevated water soluble carbohydrate content. However, the pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents in silage with enzyme inclusion were lower than those of the control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2013

This study estimated the fermentation characteristics and nutrient value of corn-lablab bean mixture silages relative to corn silages. The effects of feeding corn-lablab bean mixture silages on nutrient apparent digestibility and milk production of dairy cows in northern China were also investigated. Three ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used to determine the ruminal digestion kinetics and ruminal nutrient degradability of corn silage and corn-lablab bean mixture silages. Sixty lactating Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups of 30 cows each. Two diets were formulated with a 59:41 forage: concentrate ratio. Corn silage and corn-lablab bean mixture silages constituted 39.3% of the forage in each diet, with Chinese wildrye hay constituting the remaining 60.7%. Corn-lablab bean mixture silages had higher lactic acid, acetic acid, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, Ca, ether extract concentrations and ruminal nutrient degradability than monoculture corn silage (p<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations of corn-lablab bean mixture silages were lower than those of corn silage (p<0.05). The digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF for cows fed corn-lablab bean mixture silages was higher than for those fed corn silage (p<0.05). Feeding corn-lablab bean mixture silages increased milk yield and milk protein of dairy cows when compared with feeding corn silage (p<0.05). The economic benefit for cow fed corn-lablab bean mixture silages was 8.43 yuan/day/cow higher than that for that fed corn silage. In conclusion, corn-lablab bean mixture improved the fermentation characteristics and nutrient value of silage compared with monoculture corn. In this study, feeding corn-lablab bean mixture silages increased milk yield, milk protein and nutrient apparent digestibility of dairy cows compared with corn silage in northern China.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1686-1694
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• 2019

Objective: Lignin plays a relevant role in the inhibition of cell wall (CW) structural carbohydrate degradation. Thus, obtaining accurate estimates of the lignin content in tropical plants is important in order to properly characterize the mechanism of lignin action on CW degradation. Comparing conflicting results between the different methods available for commercial use will bring insight on the subject. This way, providing data to better understand the relationship between lignin concentration and implications with tropical forage degradation. Methods: Five grass species, Brachiaria brizantha cv $Marand{\acute{u}}$, Brachiaria brizantha cv $Xara{\acute{e}}s$(MG-5), Panicum maximum cv Mombaça, Pennisetum purpureum cv Cameroon, and Pennisetum purpureum cv Napier, were harvested at five maturity stages. Acid detergent lignin (ADL), Klason lignin (KL), acetyl bromide lignin (ABL), and permanganate lignin (PerL) were measured on all species. Lignin concentration was correlated with in vitro degradability. Results: Highly significant effects for maturity, lignin method and their interaction on lignin content were observed. The ADL, KL and ABL methods had similar negative correlations with degradability. The PerL method failed to reliably estimate the degradability of tropical grasses, possibly due to interference of other substances potentially soluble in the $KMnO_4$ solution. Conclusion: ADL and KL methods use strong acid ($H_2SO_4$) and require determination of ash and N content in the lignin residues, therefore, increasing time and cost of analysis. The ABL method has no need for such corrections and is a fast and a convenient method for determination of total lignin content in plants, thus, it may be a good option for routine laboratory analysis.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1776-1783
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• 2021

Objective: This project aimed to evaluate the effects of both different additives and filling methods on nutritive quality, fermentation profile, and in situ digestibility of whole plant corn silage. Methods: Whole plant corn forage harvested at 26.72% dry matter (DM) was chopped and treated with two filling methods, i) fill silos at one time (F1), ii) fill silos at three times (F3), packing samples into one/three silo capacity at the first day, another one/three capacity at the second day, then one/three at the third day, three replicates. For each replicate, samples were treated with three additives, i) control (CTRL, no additive), ii) Sila-Max (MAX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., Marshall, MN, USA), and iii) Sila-Mix (MIX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., USA). With three replicates of each secondary treatment, there were nine silos, 54 silos in total. Each silo had a packing density of 137.61 kg of DM/m3. All silos were weighed and stored in lab at ambient temperature. Results: After 60 d of ensiling, all items showed good silage fermentation under MAX filled one time or three times (p<0.01). Higher silage quality for all additives was obtained at filling one time than that filled three times (p<0.01). The highest DM and lowest DM loss rate (DMLR) occurred to MAX treatment at two filling methods (p<0.01); Digestibility of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and curde protein had the same results as silage quality (p<0.01). Yield of digestible DM and digestible NDF also showed higher value under MAX especially for filling one time (p<0.05). Conclusion: All corn silages showed good fermentation attributes (pH<4.0). The forage filled one time had higher silage quality than that filled three times (p<0.01). MAX with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria enhanced the lactic acid fermentation, silage quality and nutrient digestibility, and so improved the digestible nutrient yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.166-170
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• 2015

This study investigated the effect of novel Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the quality and fermentation characterization of alfalfa silage at the experimental field of National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan Province, Korea, from 2013 to 2014, and this experiment consisted of the following three treatments: control without lactic acid bacteria; treatment inoculated with L. plantarum KCC-10; and treatment inoculated with L. plantarum KCC-19. The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility of alfalfa silage were not affected by either L. plantarum KCC-10 or KCC-19. The pH of alfalfa silage in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased as compared to control. The level of lactic acid in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased (p<0.05), whereas the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid decreased(p>0.05). In addition, the numbers of lactic acid bacteria in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased as compared to control (p<0.05). Therefore, these results suggest that the inoculation of L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 into alfalfa silage can improve the quality of silage through increased lactic acid content and lactic acid bacteria.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.140-144
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation as additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria on quality and fermentation characterization of Miscanthus sinnensis silages. The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber in treatments of additive of lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) inoculation had similar to control. pH of Miscanthus sinnensis (MS) silage in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid in in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased (p<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in treatments of ALAB inoculation decreased. In addition, number of lactic acid bacteria in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (p<0.05). Therefor, we suggest that MS silage improved by inoculation of additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of different storage periods of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fermented low moisture fresh rice straw silage. The low moisture fresh rice straw sample was inculcated with LAB and stored for different storage periods such as 45, 90, and 365 days, respectively. The low moisture fresh rice straw (LMFRS) silage inoculated with LAB exhibited reduction in pH throughout the fermentation as compared with the control (P<0.05). The lactic acid content was increased at the late fermentation period (90 and 365 days, respectively) in LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control (P<0.05). In contrast, the acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were slightly reduced in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage sample at 90 and 365 days fermentation, respectively. Meanwhile, the non-inoculated LMFRS silage showed higher amounts of acetic acid and butyric acid at an extended fermentation with low bacterial population as compared with the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage. However, lactic acid concentration was slightly high in the non-inoculated LMFRS silage at early 45 days fermentation. Additionally, the nutrient profile such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and total digestibility nutrients (TDN) were not significantly different in control and LAB inculcated samples during all fermentation. Though, the microbial population was greater in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control. However, the massive population was noted in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage during all fermentation. It indicates that the inoculated LAB is the main reason for increasing fermentation quality in the sample through pH reduction by organic acids production. Overall results suggest that the LAB inoculums are the effective strain that could be a suitable for LMFRS silage fermentation at prolonged days.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of novel Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the quality and fermentation characterization of rye silages. The study was conducted at the National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea and consisted of three treatments: control without lactic acid bacteria, treatment with L. plantarum KCC-10 and treatment with L. plantarum KCC-19. The amounts of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber as well as the in vitro dry matter digestibility in KCC-10 and KCC-19 were similar to the control. The pH of rye silage in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased compared to the control (p<0.05). The amount of lactic acid in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased (p<0.05), but the amounts of acetic acid and butyric acid in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased (p<0.05). In addition, the number of lactic acid bacteria in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased compared to the control (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that rye silage was improved by the addition of L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2016

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effects of novel lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus penticeous KCC-23 (KCC-23) and Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-24 (KCC-24) on rye haylage fermentation at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea. The experiment contains three different groups such as control without lactic acid bacteria, rye haylage with KCC-23 and rye haylage KCC-24. After experimental periods, the content of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and In-vitro digestibility (IVD) was similar in control and LAB treated haylage (p<0.05). The pH was reduced in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated rye haylage as compared to control (p<0.05). The lactic acid concentration in haylages was increased by L. plantarum KCC-23, and KCC-24 supplement. Whereas, the less amount of acetic acid and butyric acid was noted in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated haylage as compared with control (p<0.05). The KCC-23 and KCC-24 were dominantly grown in experimental haylage as compared with control. It indicates, the addition of KCC-23, and KCC-24 enhances fermentation quality of haylages as compared control. The present study suggests that KCC-23 and KCC-24 are potent strains that were improving the fermentation process in rye haylage