• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-132
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• 2007

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the NogYongDaeBoTang,(NYDBT) on Alzheimer's disease. Method : The effects of the NYDBT extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) acetylcholinesterase(AChE), amyloid precursor proteins(APP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA; (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer‘s diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : 1. The NYDBT extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 2. The NYDBT extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein production in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 3. For the NYDBT extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The NYDBT extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, MDA, and CD68/CD11b, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. 5. The NYDBT extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. 6. The NYDBT extract reduced the Tau protein, GFAP protein, and presenilin1/2 protein (immunohistochemistry) of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. Conclusions : These results suggest that the NYDBT extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.191-206
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• 1988

Chick embryos which have received a single injection of the organophosphate compound,malathion (0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg or 2.0 mg in 0.05 ml of corn oil) via the yolk sac at certain times (2 daya, 4 days or 6 days after incubation) have been investigated. After 9 days of incubation, chick embryos were harvested to investigate the effects of malathion on the development of cerebrum morphologically and biochemically. The effects of simultaneous injection of malathion and nicotinamide were also compared. On ultrastructural examination, neurons in cerebral cortex showed to be inhibited in their differentiation by malathion; nuclear irregularity, swelling of endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were observed. On cytochemical study of acetylcholinesterase(AChE) by electron microscope, the positive reaction products of this enryme were localized at the membrane of nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum of neurons. Inhibition of AChE activty was severe in groups treated with relatively low doses, which was consistent with the results of spectrophotometric analysis. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) of cerebrum in groups treated with malathion was higher than that of the control group. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD) content of chick embruo treated with malathioti decreased significantly, and nicotinamide coinjection raised the NAD level as compared with the control group, thus preventing malathion-induced momhological alteration. In conclusion, it is suggested that malathion changes the ultrastructure of differentiating neurons and alters some enzyme activities in chick embryo cerebrum, and the severity of which is consistently dose-or age-dependent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.553-560
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• 2021

Theanine, the major amino acid and a sweet umami component of green tea, has anti-stress effects in humans. From green tea, theanine was extracted at 80℃ for 2 h using a low temperature, high pressure extractor, and caffeine was removed using an HP-20 column with 80% ethanol. Theanine extracts were applied to produce functional jelly using three kinds of gelling agents (I, II, and III) or various concentrations of theanine extracts (10-50%). Theanine jelly was characterized with respect to its physical properties, product stability, and physiological function. Gelling agent III (tamarind gum, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum=2:3:5, w/w/w) and S3 (35% theanine extracts) jelly exhibited the optimum textural properties with lower hardness and high springiness. Among theanine jellies, S3 exhibited optimum product stability, high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. These results indicate that the anine extracts could be used as a neuroprotective source in the food industry.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.288-295
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• 2003

To determine the mechanism of the resistance to organophosphorus insecticide, chlorpyrifos, in diamondback-moth (Plutella xylostella L.), activities of esterases, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and AChE insensitivity which were known for causing factor of resistance were measured. Also, the relationship between AChE insensitivity and the resistant ratio was investigated to inquiry the cross-resistance. The resistant ratio of chlorpyrifos-resistant strain (CRS) of diamondback-moth at the 6th generation was developed 160 fold compared to susceptible strain (SS) one. Activity of GST that are extracted from CRS was 1.7-fold higher than that from SS. However, activity of total esterases from CRS was similar to that from SS. In AChE insensitivity test, CRS was 11.8-fold less sensitive than that from SS. CRS was ranged from 17.6 to 33.6-fold less sensitive than SS to other insecticides having same target site with chlorpyrifos such as dichlorvos, dimethylvinphos and carbofuran. Insensitivity of AChE to phenthoate-oxon, however, was 1.7-fold. Resistance of CRS was 82-fold, 47-fold and 42-fold higher than SS to dichlorvos, dimethylvinphos and carbofuran, respectively, but 2.3-fold to phenthoate and then we could identify that the resistance development of insecticide might have a lot of difference among the chemicals with the same target site. The relationship between the AChE insensitivity and the resistant ratio was significantly correlated$(r=0.9951^{**},\;p^{(0.01)}$. This result indicates that AChE insensitivity was associated with insecticide resistance. Overall, these results suggest that insensitivity of AChE was an important factors to chlorpyrifos resistance in diamondback-moth, and the slightly increased activity of GST may also have contributed to that.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.433-452
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• 2018

This study was conducted to select candidates from plant resources for the purpose of improving or treating Alzheimer's disease, a type of dementia. One hundred and eighty-four plant extracts at a final concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$ were screened to determine their capacity to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by in vitro assay. From this AChE assay, seven plant extracts - including methanol ext. and water ext. of Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark), methanol ext. of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (stamen/ovary), methanol ext. of Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), methanol ext. of Coptis chinensis (rhizome), ethanol ext. of Cinnamomum cassia Blume(bark) and ethanol ext. of Carthamus tinctorius L. (fruit) - showed effective inhibition activity ranging from 18.7% to 63.1%. The selected extracts were testified their inhibition activities on AChE and BuChE (butyrylcholinesterase) at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, $200{\mu}g/ml$. In the AChE assay, five extracts including methanol ext. of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), methanol ext. of Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), methanol ext. of Coptis chinensis (rhizome), methanol ext. and water ext. of Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark) showed inhibition activity of 15.0%~73.5%, 19.5%~63.5%, 81.6%~58.5%, 69.9%~80.5%, and 54.8%~78.3%, respectively, at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, $200{\mu}g/ml$. In the BuChE assay, the extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), and Coptis chinensis (rhizome) showed inhibitory capacities of 58.9~81.6%, 45.8%~72.4%, and 33.1%~55.4% at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, $200{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In conclusion, it is suggested that Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS, Coptis chinensis (rhizome) and Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark) could be selected as candidate materials for improving or treating Alzheimer's disease on the basis of further study.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.379-392
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• 2019

The current study investigated the effect of Gabjubaekmok (Diospyros kaki) ethanolic extract (GEE) on $H_2O_2$-induced human neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells and amyloid beta $(A{\beta})_{1-42}$-induced ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice. GEE showed significant antioxidant activity that was evaluated based on ABTS, DPPH scavenging activity, and inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase activity. Further, GEE inhibited ROS production and increased cell viability in $H_2O_2$-induced MC-IXC cells. Administration of GEE ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction on $A{\beta}$-induced ICR mice as evaluated using Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. Results of ex vivo test using brain tissues showed that, GEE protected the cholinergic system and mitochondrial functions by increasing the levels of antioxidants such as ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) against $A{\beta}$-induced cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, GEE decreasd the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, p-JNK, p-tau, BAX and caspase 3. While, expression levels of p-Akt and $p-GSK3{\beta}$ increased than $A{\beta}$ group. Finally, gallic acid was identified as the main compound of GEE using high performance liquid chromatography.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.95-102
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• 2005

The present study was performed to investigate the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and Proly1 endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitory activities of plant extracts. The whole extract of Fragaria yezoensis inhibited the DPPH radical by $90.4\%$ and the stem of Gingko biloba, Gardenia jasminoides for. grandiflora and Rhododendron yedoensa var. poukhanene, the loaves of Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, Gardenia jasminoides for. grandiflora and Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurice, the fruit of Cornus officinalis, and the root of Gingko biloba showed high DPPH radical scavenging activities. In the case of PEP inhibitory activities, high inhibition was observed in the whole Plant of Fragaria ananassa, Fragaria yezoensis and Hypericum erectum, the stem of Actinidia arguta and Rhododendron yedoensa var. poukhanese, the leaves of Rhododendron yedoensa var. poukhanense and Rosa davurica, the fruit of Cornus officinalis. and the root of Acer okamotoanum. There was significant correlation (P=0.000) between DPPH radical scavenging and prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activities, thus some of plant extracts such as whole Fragaria yezoensis, fruit of Cornus officinalis had high activities in both DPPH-scavenging and prolyl endopeptidase inhibition. Therefore, it is required to examine the mechanical interaction between DPPH-scavenging and prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activities and further studying plant extracts with both these activities is desired to develop agents for preventing and treating of Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1552-1563
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• 2016

To examine the cognitive function of onion (Allium cepa L.) beverages (odourless and fortified), we analyzed in vitro neuronal cell protection against $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity and performed in vivo tests on amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$)-induced cognitive dysfunction. Cellular oxidative stress and cell viability were evaluated by DCF-DA assay and MTT assay. These results show that fortified beverage resulted in better neuronal cell protection than odourless beverage at lower concentration ($0{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$). Fortified beverage also showed more excellent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$: 4.20 mg/mL) than odourless beverage. The cognitive functions of odourless beverage and fortified beverage in $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity were assessed by Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. The results show improved cognitive function in both groups treated with beverages. After in vivo tests, cholinergic activities were determined based on AChE inhibition and acetylcholine levels, and antioxidant activities were measured as SOD, oxidized glutathione (GSH)/total GSH ratio, and MDA levels in mouse brain tissue. In a Q-TOF UPLC/MS system, main compounds were analyzed as follows: odourless beverage (five types of sugars and three types of phenolics) and fortified beverages (six types of phenolics and two types of steroidal saponins).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.649-658
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• 2017

The potential of the ethyl acetate fraction from Pteridium aquilinum (EFPA) to improve the cognitive function in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice was investigated. EFPA-treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the spatial, learning, and memory abilities compared to the HFD group in behavioral tests, including the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze. The diabetic symptoms of the EFPA-treated groups, such as fasting glucose and glucose tolerance, were alleviated. The administration of EFPA reduced the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in mice brains, but increased the acetylcholine (ACh) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Finally, kaempferol-3-o-glucoside, a major physiological component of EFPA, was identified by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTRAP LC-MS/MS).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.517-527
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• 2018

The current study investigated in vitro anti-diabetic and neuroprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction in Actinidia arguta sprouts (EFAS), on $H_2O_2$ and high glucose-induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells. EFAS had high total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. An assessment of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity of EFAS, as well as its potential for inhibiting malondialdehyde production, indicated that EFAS may possess significant antioxidant properties. EFAS exerted inhibitory effects on ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ via glycemic regulation which forms advanced glycation end products. In addition, EFAS exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects. Moreover, EFAS displayed protective effects against $H_2O_2$ and high glucose-induced cell death, and inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species in MC-IXC cells. Finally, the main physiological compound of EFAS was identified via high performance liquid chromatography as a rutin.