• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2001

Objective : To assess the effects of progesterone and acetyl-L-carnitine used after treated with Isolate�� gradient before semen cryopreservation-thawing on sperm parameters and membrane integrity. Material and Methods : From April 2001 to July 2001, ten normal male partner of couples who were visited in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. the semens were treated with $Isolate^{(R)}$ gradient before cryopreservation, spermatozoa was incubated with progesterone (1, 5 and $10{\mu}M$), acetyl-L-carnitine (2.5, 5 and $10{\mu}M$), or both (progesterone, $1{\mu}M$; and acetyl-L-carnitine, $5{\mu}M$) for 30 min. Results: There were no differences in sperm parameters and vital stain among isolate only treated group, progesterone (1, 5 and $10{\mu}M$), acetyl-L-carnitine (2.5, 5 and $10{\mu}M$) and both (progesterone, $1{\mu}M$; and acetyl-L-carnitine, $5{\mu}M$). But, in high concentration of acetyl-L-carnitine ($10{\mu}M$) treated group, sperm parameters and vital stain were decreased. The statistical method was used ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test) and p value was <0.01. Conclusions : Neither progesterone nor acetyl-L-carnitine show to be protective effect on the cryodamage assessed by sperm parameters and vital stain (eosin-Y stain) in normal sperm. High concentration of acetyl-L-carnitine ($10{\mu}M$), however, was harmful effect on cryoprevention.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.227.1-227.1
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• 2003

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of L-Carnitine, is the acetyl ester of carnitine that has been reported to be beneficial in depressive disorders and Alzheimer's disease.ALC is so hygroscopic that deliquescence took place when it absorbed moisture by 15%(w/w) in a week and then reached steady-state at 45%(w/w) in 40$^{\circ}C$, 75% RH storage condition. Therefore it is necessary to prevent ALC from absorbing atmospheric moisture. For this purpose, we chose hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) an enteric polymer, as a film former. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.217.3-217.3
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• 2003

Acetyl-L-carnitine, a physiological component of the L-carnitine family, has been proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease in pharmacological doses. Acetyl-L-carnitine and d3-acetylcarnitine (internal standard) were analyzed by electrospray ionization / tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS) after derivatization to their butylesters through treatment with butanolic hydrogen chloride. Acetyl-L-carnitine produced a protonated precursor ion at m/z 260 and a corresponding product ion of m/z 85. Analytes were separated on a Capcell Pak C18 (2.0${\times}$150mm, 5 mm). (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2001

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of the L-carnitine family, is a naturally existing molecule synthesized from L-carnitine (LC) by carnitine acetyl transferase. ALC has been shown to improve the cognitive performance of patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer's type and proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease in pharmacological doses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioefuivalence of two ALC tablets, $Nicetile^{TM} (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co.) and $L-Cartin^{TM}$ (Kuhn Il Pharmaceutical Co.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The ALC release from the two ALC tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method in various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 6.0 and 6.8). Twenty six normal male volunteers, $24.46\pm3.67$ years in age and $64.45\pm5.54$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\times2$cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 500 mg of ALC was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ALC in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. Because of the presence of endogenous ALC, the calibration was performed using dialyzed serum. The dissolution profiles of the two ALC tablets were similar in all the dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were $0.35\%,\;0.93\%\;and\;2.34\%$ respectively, when calculated against the $Nicetile^{TM} tablet. The powers $(1-\beta)\;for\;AUC_t$ , and Cmax were $98.72\%\;and\;85.48\%$, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $(\Delta)\;at\;\alpha=0.05\;and\;1-\beta=0.8$ were less than $20\%,\;(e.g.,\;13.21\%\;and\;18.42\%\;for\;AUC_t,\;and\;C_{max}$ respectively). The $90\%$ confidence intervals were within $\pm20\%\;(e.g.,\;-7.38\sim8.09\;and\;-9.86\sim11.72\;for\;AUC_t,\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). These two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $L-Cartin^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Nicetile^{TM} tablet.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2001

Bioequivalence of two acetyl-1-carnitine tablets, test product (Carnitile tablet: Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and reference product (Nicetil $e^{R}$ tablet: Dong-A Pharm. Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the guide- lines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-six healthy volunteers were divided randomly into two groups and administered the drug orally at the dose of 500 mg as acetyl-1-carnitine in a 2$\times$2 crossover study. Blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals for 12 hours and the plasma concentration of acetyl-1-carnitine was determined using HPLC by derivatization with p-bromophenacyl bromide. The pearmacokinetic parameters (AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$) were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters. The apparent differences of these parameters between two drugs were less than 20% (i.e., 1.26,-5.08 and 8.59% for AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). The powers (1-$\beta$) for AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, and Tmax were over 0.9. Minimal detectable difference ($\Delta$) at $\alpha$=0.05, 1-$\beta$=0.8 were less than 20% (i.e.,7.31, 14.88 and 11.77% for AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). The confidence intervals ($\delta$) for these parameters were also within $\pm$ 20% (i.e.,-3.03$\leq$$\delta$$\leq$5.54, -13.80$\leq$$\delta$$\leq$3.64 and 1.69$\leq$$\delta$$\leq$15.48 for AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). These results satisfied the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating Carnitile bioequivalent to Nicetil $e^{R}$ .TEX>$^{R}$ .> R/ . R/ .

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2001

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of the L-carnitine family, is naturally occurring molecule synthesized from L-carnitine (LC) by carnitine acetyl transferase. ALC has been shown to improve the cognitive performance of patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer's type and proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease in pharmacological doses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two ALC tablets, $Nicetile^{TM}$ (Dong-A pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and $Neurocetil^{TM}$ (Kyung-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration. Twenty six normal male volunteers, $22.80{\pm}2.76$ year in age and $63.07{\pm}7.98\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 500 mg of ALC was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ALC in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. Because of the presence of endogenous ALC, the calibration was performed using dialyzed serum. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t$, $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were 2.72%, -0.65% and -8.42%, respectively, when calculated against the $Nicetile^{TM}$ tablet. The powers $(1-{\beta})$ for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ were 94.87% and 87.17%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta})$ at ${\alpha}=0.05$ and $1-{\beta}=0.8$ were less than 20% (e.g., 15.58% and 19.16% $AUC_t\;C_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were within ${\pm}20%$ (e.g., $-11.84{\sim}6.41$ and $-10.57{\sim}11.88$for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Neurocetil^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Nicetile^{TM}$ tablet.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.228-233
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• 2007

This study evaluated the effects of carnitine supplementation on obesity caused by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were fed a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HD), or carnitine-supplemented (0.5% of diet) high-fat diet (HDC) for 12 weeks. The results showed that body weight, energy intake, and feed intake were lower in the HDC group than the control groups. Acid-soluble acylcarnitine (A SAC), acid-insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC), and total carnitine (TCNE) in the serum and liver were significantly higher in the HDC group. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I activity was significantly higher in the HDC group than the control groups. Acyl-coA synthetase (ACS) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) mRNA expression in the liver was highest in the HDC group, however hepatic acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA expression in this group was lowest. Serum leptin levels and abdominal fat weight were lowest in the HDC group. We concluded that L-carnitine supplementation diminished the risk of obesity caused by a high-fat diet.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.316-321
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• 2021

Objective: Amino acids can protect sperm structure in cryopreservation due to their antioxidant properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of L-carnitine (LC) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA damage, and human sperm intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) during vitrification. Methods: Twenty normal human sperm samples were examined. Each sample was divided into six equal groups: LC (1 and 10 mM), NAC (5 and 10 mM), and cryopreserved and fresh control groups. Results: The groups treated with LC and NAC showed favorable findings in terms of motility parameters, DNA damage, and MMP. Significantly higher levels of intracellular ROS were observed in all cryopreserved groups than in the fresh group (p≤0.05). The presence of LC and NAC at both concentrations caused an increase in PMI, MMP, and progressive motility parameters, as well as a significant reduction in intracellular ROS compared to the control group (p≤0.05). The concentrations of the amino acids did not show any significant effect. Conclusion: LC and NAC are promising as potential additives in sperm cryopreservation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1639-1644
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and lipid metabolism in broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg dietary ALC supplementation, respectively). Compared with the control treatment, addition of ALC resulted in lower (linear effect, p<0.05) ADG and AFI. Abdominal fat percentage decreased (linear effect, p<0.05) as dietary ALC was increased, but there was no effect on dressing percentage, breast muscle percentage or thigh muscle percentage. Breast muscle pH value 24 h post-mortem increased (linear effect, p<0.05), but there were no significant differences among treatments. However, thigh muscle pH value increased (linear effect, p<0.05) as dietary ALC was increased. Breast and thigh muscle $a^*$ values increased (linear effect, p<0.05), and breast and thigh muscle $b^*$ values decreased (linear effect, p<0.05) with increased ALC in the diet. In addition, breast and thigh muscle shear force value decreased (linear effect, p<0.05) as dietary ALC was increased. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein lipase decreased (linear effect, p<0.05) and free fatty acid and lipase in serum increased (linear effect, p<0.05) with increased ALC in diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.996-1002
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• 2014

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in Arbor Acres broilers. A total of 486 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to 9 dietary treatments, 9 treatments were group A (0 mg/kg LA and 0 mg/kg ALC), group B (50 mg/kg LA and 0 mg/kg ALC), group C (100 mg/kg LA and 0 mg/kg ALC), group D (0 mg/kg LA and 50 mg/kg ALC), group E (50 mg/kg LA and 50 mg/kg ALC), group F (100 mg/kg LA and 50 mg/kg ALC), group G (0 mg/kg LA and 100 mg/kg ALC), group H (50 mg/kg LA and 100 mg/kg ALC), group I (100 mg/kg LA and 100 mg/kg ALC). Birds were slaughtered at 42 days old. Average daily gain (ADG), average feed intake (AFI), feed conversion rate (FCR), eviscerated rate, breast muscle percentage, thigh muscle percentage, abdominal fat percentage, liver weight, muscle color ($L^*$ value, $a^*$ value, $b^*$ value), pH values at 45 min and 24 h postmortem were measured. Results showed that there existed an interaction between LA and ALC in growth performance of broilers, carcass traits and meat quality. The overall result is that high level of LA and ALC led to lower AFI, ADG (p<0.01), lower abdominal fat percentage, liver weight (p<0.01), lower $L^*$ value, $a^*$ value, and $b^*$ value of breast muscle, $L^*$ value of thigh muscle (p<0.05), and higher FCR (p<0.01), eviscerated rate (p<0.01), breast muscle percentage, thigh muscle percentage (p<0.05), $a^*$ value, pH 45 min and pH 24 h of thigh muscle (p<0.01). These results suggested that dietary LA and ALC contributed to the improvement of meat quality in broilers.