• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.123-129
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• 1989

A study was made to investigate the effects of various binders on the physical properties of acetaminophen granules and tablets prepared by wet and fluidized bed granulation methods. The binders used were povidone (K-90), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC-L) and gelatin. The fluidized bed granules were more porous than the wet massed, and the tablets prepared by fluidized system showed improved disintegration and dissolution characteristics. The dissolution rate was fast in the order of gelatin>povidone>hydroxypropylcellulose in tablets prepared by fluidized system, and povidone>hydroxypropylcellulose>gelatin in tablets prepared by wet granulation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.319-328
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• 2022

This study investigated the treatment of acetaminophen in municipal wastewater by conventional ozonation, ozone-based advanced oxidation, ozone/UV, and the electro-peroxone process. The ozone/UV process and electro-peroxone process of electric power consumption increased 1.25 and 2.04 times, respectively, compared to the ozone process. The pseudo-steady OH radical concentration was the greatest in the electro-peroxone process and lowest in the ozone process. The specific energy consumption for TOC decomposition of the ozone/UV process and electro-peroxone process were 22.8% and 15.5% of the ozone process, respectively. Results suggest that it is advantageous in terms of degradation performance and energy consumption to use a combination of processes in municipal wastewater treatment, rather than an ozone process alone. In combination with the ozone process, the electrolysis process was found to be more advantageous than the UV process.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2018

Purpose: On November 15, 2012, sales of OTC (Over-The-Counter) drugs began at convenience stores, which changed the accessibility of some drugs. As a result, the exposure and access patterns of these drugs could have changed. In this study, we reviewed the changes in the characteristics of drug poisoning patients because of the reposition of nonprescription drugs according to the revised Pharmaceutical Affairs Act. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate changes in characteristics of drug poisoning patients between 2008 and 2016. A registry was developed by an emergency medical center in a local tertiary teaching hospital, and patients who visited the center were enrolled in this registry. We compared two periods, from 2008 to 2012 (Pre OTC) and from 2013 to 2016 (Post OTC), for type of intoxicant, time from poisoning to visiting the emergency center, intention, psychiatric history, previous suicidal attempt, alcohol status, and emergency room outcomes. The primary outcome was the number of patients who took acetaminophen and NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Secondary outcomes were ICU admission rate, mortality rate, and number of patients who visited the ER when the pharmacy was closed after taking acetaminophen and NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Results: Among 1,564 patients, 945 and 619 patients visited the emergency room during pre and post OTC periods. The number of patients with acetaminophen and NSAIDs poisoning decreased from 9.2% to 6.1% (p=0.016). The ICU admission rate and mortality rate in the emergency room did not show significant results in the relevant patient groups, and so was the number of patients visiting ER when the pharmacy was closed taking acetaminophen and NSAIDs. Conclusion: Despite the sales of nonprescription drugs at convenience stores, the number of acetaminophen and NSAIDs poisoning patients decreased.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.213-218
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• 1998

A novel in situ-gelling and mucoadhesive acetaminophen liquid suppository was developed to improve the patient compliance of conventional solid suppository. In this study, acetaminophen liquid suppository, Likipe $n_{R}$, ［aminophen/Poloxamer 407/Poloxamer 188/so4ium alginate (5/15/19/0.6%)] with relation temperature at 30-36 "C and suitable gel strength and bioadhesive force, dissolution pattern similar to conventional solid type suppository, Suspe $n_{R}$, was developed. Furthermore, the bioequivalence of two acetaminophen products was evaluated in 16 normal male volunteers (age 22-27 yr, body weight 56-72 kg) following sidle rectal administration. Test product was Likipe $n_{R}$ suppository (Dong-Wha Pharm. Corp., Korea)and reference product was Suspe $n_{R}$204-212 suppository (Hanmi Pharm. Corp., Korea). Both products contain 125 mg of acetaminophen. Four Suppositories of the test and the reference product were administered to the volunteers, respectively, by randomized two period cross-over study (2$\times$2 Latin square method). The determination of acetaminophen was accomplished using HPLC. Average drug concentrations at each sampling time and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were not significantly different between two products (p>0.05); the area under the curve to last sampling time (24 hr) (AU $Co_{-2}$4h/) (30.14$\pm$8.64 vs 27.98$\pm$ 6.53 $\mu$g .h/ml), maximum plasma concentration ( $C_{max}$) (3.29$\pm$0.87 vs 3.60$\pm$0.66 $\mu$g/ml) and time to maximum plasma concentration ( $T_{max}$) (2.91 $\pm$0.55 vs 2.69$\pm$0.60 h). The differences of mean AUCo $_{24h}$, C-a. and T-between the two products (7.18%, 9.58% and 7.53%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power (1-7) and treatment difference ($\Delta$) for AU $Co_{24h}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were more than 0.8 and less than 0.2, respectively at $\alpha$=0.1. The confidence limits for AU $Co_{24h}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ (-0.81 ~13.55%, -1.56~ 17.60 and -3.81 ~18.87%, respectively) were less than $\pm$ 20% at $\alpha$=0.1. These results suggest that the bioavailability of Likipe $n_{R}$ suppository is not significantly different from that of Suspe $n_{R}$ suppsitory. Therefore, two products are bio-equivalent based on the current results.results.lts.sults.results.lts.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2004년도 KSOT/KEMS Fall Annual Meeting
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• pp.136-136
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• 2004

• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국현미경학회 1994년도 제25회 학술대회 연제 초록
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• pp.21-21
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• 1994

• 약학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 1983

Chloramphenicol (CAF) was esterified with aspirin, naproxen and acetaminophen in order to develop new prodrugs which have double effect-antibiotic activity and antipyretic effect. Chloramphenicol acetylsalicylate (CAF-ASP), chloramphenicol naproxenate (CAF-NAX), and chloramphenicol acetaminophen succinate (CAF-SUC-ACET) were synthesized by using dicyclohoxylcarbodiimidc (D.C.C.) because of two hydroxyl group of chloramphenicol. Three synthetic prodrugs did not show bitterness and antibiotic activity in vitro, and were hydrolyzed in liver homogenate, but weren't in acid.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.292.1-292.1
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• 2003

Purpose. To develop a new heterodisperse 650mg acetaminophen HPMC matrix tablet with biphasic sustained release profiles. Methods. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose(HPMC) matrix tablets were prepared by wet-granulating drug with other excipients, followed by direct compression of the dried granule mixtures into tablet using a rotary tablet machine. (omitted)

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.707-713
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• 2002

Astragali radix (AR) is one of the oldest and mast frequently used crude drug for traditional medicine in many Asian countries. This study designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of the aqueous extracted AR (ARE) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic damage in ICR mice. APAP at the dose of 450 mg/kg i.p produced liver damage in ICR mice. Serum enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenese was dramatically decreased up to control level by pretreatment of ARE. However, hepatic glutathione level did not show a significant change between the tested groups. We also investigated TNF α mRNA gene expression on APAP-induced liver damage by RT-PCR. APAP dramatically induced TNF α mRNA gene expression in ICR mice. Pretreatment of mice with ARE led to a marked decrease of TNF α mRNA gene expression. These data indicate that 1) ARE has clearly revealed a hepatoprotective effect against APAP-induced hepatic damage in ICR mice, and 2) the protective effect of ARE may be, in part, associated with the regulation of TNF α mRNA gene expression.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.258-267
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• 1998

해혈 및 진동 효과를 가진 APAP는 과량 복용시 CYP-450에 의해 독성 유발 물질인 NAPQI로 대사되어 간장과 세포막을 붕괴시켜 세포 내 calcium 유입을 증가시킴으로서 간세포의 괴사를 일으킨다. DIL은 CYP-450 작용을 억제하는 것으로 알려진 칼슘채널차단제이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 APAP 300mg/kg을 경구 투여한 후 3, 6. 9 및 12시간에 DIL을 복상내로 투여하여 DIL이 APAP의 독성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. APAP 투여 12시간후 DIL 투여군에서 혈청과 간조직의 생화학 분석과 조직학적 관찰에서 간손상의 개선 효과가 확인되었으며, 이는 세포내로의 calcium 유입과 지질과산화의 억제 및 GST의 활성도 증가에 기인한 것으로 보인다. 그러므로 APAP 과량 복용 12시간 후의 DIL 투여는 간손상의 억제에 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.