• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2003

Molecular markers are useful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and determining cultivar identity. Present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity within a diverse collection of rice accessions used for Korean breeding programs. Two hundred eighty-seven rice cultivars, composed of temperate japonica, tropical japonica, indica, and Tongil-type of Korean crossing parents were evaluated by means of 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 99 alleles were detected, and the number of alleles per marker ranged from 4 to 11, with an average of 6.6 per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) for each of the SSR markers ranged from 0.2924 to 0.8102 with an average of 0.5785. These results, with the result that use of only 15 SSR markers made all rice cultivars examined could be uniquely distinguished, imply the efficiency of SSR markers for analysis of genetic diversity in rice. Cluster analysis was performed on similar coefficient matrics calculated from SSR markers to generate a dendogram in which two major groups corresponding to japonica (Group I) and indica and Tongil type rice (group II) with additional subclasses within both major groups. The narrowness of the Korean breeding germplasm was revealed by the fact that most of the Korean-bred and Japan-bred temperate japonica cultivars were concentrated into only 2 of the sub-group I-1 (143 cultivars) and I-2 (58 cultivars) among six sub-groups in major group of japonica. This is because of the japonica accessions used in this study was a very closely related ones because of frequent sharing of the crossing parents with similar genetic background with synergy effect of the inherited genetic difference between indica and japonica. A rice breeding strategy with the use of molecular markers was discussed for overcoming of genetic vulnerability owing to this genetic narrowness.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2020

The objectives of this study were to evaluate total phenolic content (TPC) and individual phenolic compounds in leaves of perilla genetic resources, assess whether they could be used as distinguishing factor among germplasms, and evaluate their relationship with some quantitative and qualitative morphological characters. TPC and individual phenolic compounds were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and UPLC-PDA system, respectively. Wide variations in TPC (7.99 to 133.70 mgGAE/g DE), rosmarinic acid (ND to 21.05 mg/g DE), caffeic acid (ND to 1.17 mg/g DE), apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide (ND to 2.21 mg luteolin equivalent (mgLUE)/g DE), scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide (ND to 5.25 mg LUE/g DE), and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (ND to 2.81 mg LUE/g DE) were observed. Intensities of green pigment at abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces were positively correlated with phenolic compounds whereas leaf length and width had negative correlation. Purple pigmented accessions were shorter in leaf length and width but exhibited higher amount of phenolic compounds compared to green pigmented accessions in most cases. Leaf shape was not related with content of phenolic compounds, color of leaves, and length/width of leaves. TPC and individual phenolic compounds along with morphological characters could be useful distinguishing factors for perilla genetic resources.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.536-549
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• 2020

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important crops of the world. With the completion of the soybean genome sequence, the Korean soybean core collection consisted of 430 accessions with genetic and phenotypic diversity was constructed in recent year. The availability of genome sequences and core collection will result in the crop improvement by molecular breeding using the various accessions and genome editing approaches. Efficient tissue culture techniques, such as haploid production, protoplast culture and plant regeneration from various organs are essential for the successful molecular biological approach and crop improvement. However, soybean is still considered to be recalcitrant in tissue culture because of the low frequency of regeneration and limitation of available responsive cultivars. In this study, we discuss the recent studies of tissue culture technology and methodology for efficient tissue culture to genetic improvement and application of molecular biotechnology in soybean.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.18-18
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• 2010

Glucosinolates(GSLs) are major secondary products($\beta$-thioglucoside N-hydroxysulfates) containing sulfates that are found mainly in Cruciferae family such as cabbage, broccoli, radish, turnip, kale, mustard and rapeseed as the important crops in agronomic and economic aspects. Especially, isothiocyanates(ITCs) have been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis with regulation cancer cell development followed by regulating target enzymes, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis against various human cancer cell lines. Total desulfo(DS)-GSLs of nine type in 210 Korean leaf mustard accessions were isolated and confirmed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometric(ESI-MS/MS) method and DS-GSLs powerful library maked from several reference data. The isolated individual DS-GSLs were identified by removed $\beta$-D-glucopyranose residue ($C_6H_{11}O_5$, MW 163) from MS/MS data. Among them sinigrin(41.7%), glucoiberverin(21.7%) and gluconasturtiin(12.6%) were major components, Especially, despite gluconapin was minor component, accession K046197-1 and K046197-2 showed higher content of 4.11 and 3.31 mg/g(DW), respectively. The total GSLs contents in 210 accessions were ranged from 5.3 to 23.2 mg/g(DW) with a mean value of 13.0 mg/g(DW). As a result of principal component analysis(PCA), the individual GSLs loading plots were composed of three groups and components belonged to each group showed correlationship in quantitative pattern.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.399-412
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• 2011

Little is known about the genetics or genomics of Panax ginseng. In this study, we developed 70 expressed sequence tagderived polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers by trials of 140 primer pairs. All of the 70 markers showed reproducible polymorphism among four Panax species and 19 of them were polymorphic in six P. ginseng cultivars. These markers segregated 1:2:1 manner of Mendelian inheritance in an $F_2$ population of a cross between two P. ginseng cultivars, 'Yunpoong' and 'Chunpoong', indicating that these are reproducible and inheritable mappable markers. A phylogenetic analysis using the genotype data showed three distinctive groups: a P. ginseng-P. japonicus clade, P. notoginseng and P. quinquefolius, with similarity coefficients of 0.70. P. japonicus was intermingled with P. ginseng cultivars, indicating that both species have similar genetic backgrounds. P. ginseng cultivars were subdivided into three minor groups: an independent cultivar 'Chunpoong', a subgroup with three accessions including two cultivars, 'Gumpoong' and 'Yunpoong' and one landrace 'Hwangsook' and another subgroup with two accessions including one cultivar, 'Gopoong' and one landrace 'Jakyung'. Each primer pair produced 1 to 4 bands, indicating that the ginseng genome has a highly replicated paleopolyploid genome structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.278-278
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• 2017

Brown rice grains are increasingly attended by consumers due to their potential health benefits of antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this research was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of brown rice in Korea-native weedy rice germplasm. Two hundred and twenty one accessions of weedy rice used in this study were received from the National Agrobiodiversity Center of RDA, and were regenerated in the experimental field of Chonbuk National University. The sampled seeds were extracted using methanol and the extracts were analyzed using the 1, 1-dipheny-2-picrylhydrasyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay for antioxidant capacity determination. Among the all germplasm, the samples of seed coat in red colour, white colour, red -white mixing colour and brown colour were 171 (81%), 26 (12%), 12 (6%) and 2 (1%), respectively. The antioxidant activity values of all samples were varied in the range from 22.31% to 95.53 % and mean value was 82.09%. Depend on the seed coat colour, the average antioxidant activity of the extract of weedy rice seeds indicated that the following order in seed coat colour: red colour (89.11%) > the red-white mixing colour (70.67%) > brown colour (53.16%) > white colour (45.99%). The antioxidant activity of red coloured weedy rice were significantly higher than those of the others. It is suggested that Korea-native weedy rice accessions with high antioxidant activity could be developed as a potential functional food material by further research of component analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.100-100
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• 2017

FT is one of the major floral activator in plant flowering. FT determines the changing point of time from vegetative stage to reproductive stage. To understand the role of FT homologs in short-day plant soybean, we identified 10 soybean FT homologous genes and named GmFTs. We figured out that 10 GmFT genes were further categorized into three subclades through phylogenetic analysis. Expression analysis of GmFT genes indicated that they might have different functions in photoperiod-dependent soybean flowering. Most of GmFTs, for example, GmFT2a, GmFT2b, GmFT5a and GmFT6 mainly expressed in soybean leaves at short-day condition. However, interestingly GmFT1a and GmFT4 represented opposite expression pattern to other GmFTs. Arabidopsis transgenic plants overexpressing GmFT2a and GmFT5a exhibited extremely early flowering. In contrast, overexpression of GmFT4 delayed flowering of Arabidopsis transgenic plants. The results suggest that GmFT4 has antagonistic role to other GmFTs in soybean flowering. Interestingly, mRNA level of GmFT2a is higher in early flowering soybean accessions than in late flowering ones. Moreover, the highest point of mRNA level of GmFT2a showed the positive correlation with the timing of flowering of soybean accessions. But that of GmFT4 showed opposite pattern. Here, we report that soybean FT homologs might acquire different functions in photoperiod-dependent flowering through the functional diversification during evolution.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2017

The National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAS, RDA, Republic of Korea) has continually collected new valuable genetic resources. In this study, we regenerated conserved kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm which couldn't be available because of seed quantity and quality, and we also surveyed their morphological characters for the sustainable utilization. A total of 431 kidney bean accessions were regenerated and 18 morphological traits were surveyed according to the characterization guideline of RDA Genebank. Among the surveyed traits, flowering time ranged from May 23 to September 4 and 73.8% of tested accessions were mainly flowering in June. The maturity time ranged from July 1 to October 15 and main flowering time was July (91.4%). For plant type, 270 accs (62.6%) were climbing type followed by medium type of 86 accs (20.0%) and dwarf type of 65 accs (15.1%). The seed coat colors were various; yellow (34.6%), white (22.3%), brown (17.9%), red (10.7%), black (5.8%), violet (11%), pink (1.4%), navy (0.9%). Principal component analysis indicated that five principal components (PCs) with Eigen values >1 accounted for more than 65.8% variability. The first PC was more related to growth habits such as growth type, flowering time, and plant type. The second and third PCs showed higher values of the pigment characters such as seed coat color, flower color, and pod color. In fourth and fifty PCs, there were the higher positive values of the pod shapes. Our results provided insight into the characteristics kidney beans, thus the utilization basis of kidney beans might be elevated for bio-industry.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.535-543
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• 2014

Backcross breeding is the method most commonly used to introgress new traits into elite lines. Conventional backcross breeding requires at least 4-5 generations to recover the genomic background of the recurrent parent. Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) represents a new breeding approach that can substantially reduce breeding time and cost. For successful MABC, highly polymorphic markers with known positions in each chromosome are essential. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers have many advantages over other marker systems for MABC due to their high abundance and amenability to genotyping automation. To facilitate MABC in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum), we utilized expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to develop SNP markers in this study. For SNP identification, we used Bukang $F_1$-hybrid pepper ESTs to prepare a reference sequence through de novo assembly. We performed large-scale transcriptome sequencing of eight accessions using the Illumina Genome Analyzer (IGA) IIx platform by Solexa, which generated small sequence fragments of about 90-100 bp. By aligning each contig to the reference sequence, 58,151 SNPs were identified. After filtering for polymorphism, segregation ratio, and lack of proximity to other SNPS or exon/intron boundaries, a total of 1,910 putative SNPs were chosen and positioned to a pepper linkage map. We further selected 412 SNPs evenly distributed on each chromosome and primers were designed for high throughput SNP assays and tested using a genetic diversity panel of 27 Capsicum accessions. The SNP markers clearly distinguished each accession. These results suggest that the SNP marker set developed in this study will be valuable for MABC, genetic mapping, and comparative genome analysis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.229-237
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• 2017

Rye (Secale cereale L.) serves as an alternative host of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (PTR) the cause of tan spot on wheat. Rye is cultivated as a forage or cover crop and overlaps with a significant portion of wheat acreage in the U.S. northern Great Plains; however, it is not known whether the rye crop influences the evolution of PTR races. We evaluated a global collection of 211 rye accessions against tan spot and assessed the diversity in PTR population on rye in South Dakota. All the rye genotypes were inoculated with PTR races 1 and 5, and infiltrated with Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB, at seedling stage. We observed 21% of the genotypes exhibited susceptibility to race 1, whereas, 39% were susceptible to race 5. All 211 accessions were insensitive to both the Ptr toxins. It indicates that though rye exhibits diversity in reaction to tan spot, it lacks Ptr ToxA and ToxB sensitivity genes. This suggests that unknown toxins or other factors can lead to PTR establishment in rye. We characterized the race structure of 103 PTR isolates recovered from rye in South Dakota. Only 22% of the isolates amplified Ptr ToxA gene and were identified as race 1 based on their phenotypic reaction on the differential set. The remaining 80 isolates were noted to be race 4. Our results show that races 1 and 4 are prevalent on rye in South Dakota with a higher frequency of race 4, suggesting a minimal role of rye in the disease epidemiology.