• 복식
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• 제14권
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• pp.99-117
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of clothes in modem Korean women in terms of a socioeconomical background, the introduction to western clothes, and the improvement of clothes between the opening period of ports in the early 1900's and 1960's. In addition, the study investigated how western clothes became popular in a Korean society along with the traditional' Korean clothes, Hanbok. The radical social change since the opening of ports motivated the change in the way of Korean women's thinking, and consequenty the improvement of Hanbok which developed into the clothes-improvement-movement. It was not until 1905 that the improvement of clothes was hotly debated particularly in the matter of abolishing Jangeui and the extreme length of Jeogori and Chima. The Tongchima-Jeogori style which lengthened Jeogori and shortened Chima was widely accepted as everyday wear until the western clothes substituted them after the Independence from Japanese Conquest. As the length of Chima shortened, there occurred a change in Boson and Jipsin as well. There appeared shoes and Gomoosin in place of Jipsin, socks in stead of Boson and were popularized until after the Liberation in 1945. The popularity of Gomoosin diminished markedly with the diversification of shoes styles, due to the improvement of the standard of living with economic development in the 1960's. The traditional Hanbok was gradually differentiated according to the social status, for instance student, teachers, ordinary women, girls and Kisaeng. Especially since the white clothes caused much trouble in washing and sewing, there came into being the movement of wearing colorful clothes. The Movement of abolishing white clothes and promoting of wearing colorful clothes was enforced during the period of Japaness conquest from the 1920's to the Liberation, which consequently stimulated an interest for colors of clothes. The period under the war between 1937 and 1945 was especially noted for the extreme regulation over the clothes. The Japanese government forced each group of women, e.g., girl students, a young women's association, school teachers, and ordinary women and girls, to wear their own uniforms. Also, It recommended the use of Tongchima in stead of long skirts, and buttons in place of Coreum so as to conserve textile encouraging the use of other substitutes to save resources. The western clothes, a model of clothe's improvement was deemed as a symbol of modernization and enjoyed general popularity. The supply of relief clothes after the Korean war accelerated the expansion of western clothes even further and the trend of westernization along with economic progress in the 1960's resulted in wearing of western clothes as everyday dress. The expansion of western clothes as casual wear rapidly diminished wearing of Hanbok which in turn took the position of ceremonial dress worn in special cases only. Hence the Korean women's clothes were dualized into traditional Hanbok and western clothes and the western clothes that stems on its convenience was settled as everyday wear where as the Hanbok appeared as ceremonial dress stressing on ornamental features. As mentioned aboved, we are able to discovered an orientation in the course of transitional process of modern Korean women's clothes admist diversified changes, which is a consistent pursuit of convenience and practicality based upon progmatism. The trend such as this carne into a finale' as women's dress became dualistic in forms of Hanbok and western clothes, and the change since then is supposed to proceed in two forms of dress featuring its own style.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.529-535
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• 2016

Atopic dermatitis (AD) results from gene and environment interactions that lead to a range of immunological abnormalities and breakdown of the skin barrier. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) belongs to a family of G-protein coupled receptors and is expressed in suprabasal layers of the epidermis. PAR2 is activated by both trypsin and a specific agonist peptide, SLIGKV-$NH_2$ and is involved in both epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis and epithelial inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effect of lobaric acid on inflammation, keratinocyte differentiation, and recovery of the skin barrier in hairless mice. Lobaric acid blocked trypsin-induced and SLIGKV-$NH_2$-induced PAR2 activation resulting in decreased mobilization of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in HaCaT keratinocytes. Lobaric acid reduced expression of interleukin-8 induced by SLIGKV-$NH_2$ and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) induced by tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-${\alpha}$) and IFN-${\gamma}$ in HaCaT keratinocytes. Lobaric acid also blocked SLIGKV-$NH_2$-induced activation of ERK, which is a downstream signal of PAR2 in normal human keratinocytes (NHEKs). Treatment with SLIGKV-$NH_2$ downregulated expression of involucrin, a differentiation marker protein in HaCaT keratinocytes, and upregulated expression of involucrin, transglutamase1 and filaggrin in NHEKs. However, lobaric acid antagonized the effect of SLIGKV-$NH_2$ in HaCaT keratinocytes and NHEKs. Topical application of lobaric acid accelerated barrier recovery kinetics in a SKH-1 hairless mouse model. These results suggested that lobaric acid is a PAR2 antagonist and could be a possible therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.529-536
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• 2009

Genome sequencing of the pig is being accelerated because of its importance as an evolutionary and biomedical model animal as well as a major livestock animal. However, information on expressed porcine genes is insufficient to allow annotation and use of the genomic information. A series of expressed sequence tags of 5' ends of five full-length enriched cDNA libraries (SUSFLECKs) were functionally characterized. SUSFLECKs were constructed from porcine abdominal fat, induced fat cells, loin muscle, liver, and pituitary gland, and were composed of non-normalized and normalized libraries. A total of 55,658 ESTs that were sequenced once from the 5′ ends of clones were produced and assembled into 17,684 unique sequences with 7,736 contigs and 9,948 singletons. In Gene Ontology analysis, two significant biological process leaf nodes were found: gluconeogenesis and translation elongation. In functional domain analysis based on the Pfam database, the beta transducin repeat domain of WD40 protein was the most frequently occurring domain. Twelve genes, including SLC25A6, EEF1G, EEF1A1, COX1, ACTA1, SLA, and ANXA2, were significantly more abundant in fat tissues than in loin muscle, liver, and pituitary gland in the SUSFLECKs. These characteristics of SUSFLECKs determined by EST analysis can provide important insight to discover the functional pathways in gene networks and to expand our understanding of energy metabolism in the pig.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 클로로프렌 고무의 열 및 해수에 의한 노화 현상에 따른 물성 변화 및 사용 수명을 예측하였다. 가속 스트레스 수준은 열노화 $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, 해수침지노화 $40^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$에서 2년 3개월(20,000Hr)동안 가속노화를 통해 인장시험을 수행하여 신장률, 인장강도, 경도를 통한 물성변화 측정을 하였다. 분석 결과신장율 저하가 가장 주된 고장지배모드임을 알 수 있었다. 아레누이스 식을 이용한 노화수명 예측 결과 열노화된 CR의 예측 수명은 $23^{\circ}C$에서 125년이며, 해수침지노화된 CR의 예측수명은 $23^{\circ}C$에서 9년이었다. SEM과 SEMEDS 분석 결과, 해수노화시편이 균열과 SEM-EDS에서는 산소의 농도가 증가하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 FT-IR에서는 해수와의 반응에 의하여 C-O와 C=O 결합이 생성되었음을 관찰하였다. 또한 DSC와 TGA 분석에서는 해수침지노화에 의하여 유리전이온도가 상승하며 분해온도가 낮아짐을 관찰하였다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2004

자기지전류(MT)법의 3차원 모델링에 대해 소개한다. 3차원 MT 모델링은 MT 반응의 물리적 특성의 이해뿐만 아니라 지하의 3차원적 전기비저항 구조를 재구성하기 위한 역산법의 개발에도 필수적이다. 지난 20년 동안 3차원 모델링에 관한 여러 수치기법들이 개발되었으나 그 실용성에는 많은 한계가 있었다. 그러나 최근에는 컴퓨터의 급속한 발전과 대형 연립방정식에 대한 반복해법의 발전에 힘입어 이전에는 어려웠던 복잡한 3차원 구조에 대한 MT 반응을 효율적으로 모델링할 수 있게 되었다. 유한차분법에서는 자기 flux와 전류의 보존법칙을 만족하면서 전기장의 불연속을 표현할 수 있는 staggered 격자의 사용이 보편화되었다. 대형 연립방정식에 대한 수치해의 수렴성은 Krylov 부분공간법, 적당한 전처리 기술 및 정적 발산보정법을 채택함으로써 크게 향상된다. 변요소를 사용하는 벡터 유한요소법으로도 전기장의 불연속 문제를 해결할 수 있으며 이 방법이 가진 기하학적 유연성은 불규칙한 지표기복을 포함한 복잡한 구조를 모델화할 때 특히 유용하다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2007

페놀 증기에 노출된 사과에서 페놀의 축적량 곡선을 $5^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$에서 측정하였다. 과피와 과육에서 페놀의 연계 확산을 비정상상태 확산 속도식으로 모사한 축적량 곡선을 실험 결과와 비교하여, 과피와 과육에서 페놀의 유효확산계수를 추정하였다. 노출온도가 높아지면 사과 내 페놀이 검출되는 시기가 빨라지고, 페놀의 축적량이 빠르게 증가하였다. 사과가 부패되지 않은 범위에서 얻은 축적량 곡선에서 추정한 유효확산계수는 과피에서는 $5^{\circ}C$에서 $1.1\times10^{-13}\;m^2/s$, $25^{\circ}C$에서 $1.4\times10^{-13}\;m^2/s$, $40^{\circ}C$에서 $2.2\times10^{-13}\;m^2/s$로 노출온도에 따가 유효확산계수가 커졌으나, 과육에서는 $1.5\times10^{-10}\;m^2$로 일정하였다. 온도가 확산 속도에 미치는 영향은 작으나, 온도가 높아지면 페놀의 증기압이 커져서 과피에서 페놀의 이동이 빨라지므로 사과 내에 페놀이 빠르게 축적되었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.631-636
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• 2008

Purpose: Adipose tissue-derived stem cells(ADSC) has an osteoconductive potential and demineralized bone matrix(DBM) is an osteoinductive material. A combination of DBM and ADSC wound probably create osteoinductive properties. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the combination of DBM and ADSC mixture on healing of rat calvarial defect. Methods: Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 3 groups(n=10) as 1) Control, 2) DBM alone, 3) DBM with ADSC mixture. DBM with ADSC mixture group has had a 3-day preculture of ADSC from groin fat pad. An 6 mm critical size circular calvarial defect was made in each rat. Defect was implanted with DBM alone or DBM with ADSC mixture. Control defect was left unfilled. 6 and 12 weeks after the implantation, the rats were sacrificed and the defects were evaluated by histomorphometric and radiographical studies. Results: Histomorphometric analysis revealed that DBM with ADSC mixture group showed significantly higher bone formation than DBM alone group(p<0.05). Although radiographs from DBM alone group and DBM with ADSC group revealed similar diffuse radiopaque spots dispersed throughout the defect. Densitometric analysis of calvarial defect revealed DBM with ADSC mixture group significantly higher bone formation than DBM alone(p<0.05). There was correlation of densitometry with new bone formation(Spearman's correlation of coefficient=0.804, 6 weeks, 0.802, 12 weeks). Conclusion: The DBM with ADSC mixture group showed the best healing response and the osteoinductive properties of DBM were accelerated with ADSC mixture. It will be clinically applicable that DBM and ADSC mixture in plastic and reconstructive surgery, such as alveolar cleft and congenital facial deformities that bone graft should be required.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.143-153
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of the present exploratory study was to evaluate extraction socket healing at sites with a history of periodontal and endodontic pathology. Methods: The mandibular 4th premolar teeth in 5 adult beagle dogs served as experimental units. Periodontal and endodontic lesions were induced in 1 premolar site in each animal using wire ligatures and pulpal exposure over 3 months (diseased sites). The contralateral premolar sites served as healthy controls. The mandibular 4th premolar teeth were then extracted with minimal trauma, followed by careful wound debridement. The animals were sacrificed at days 1, 7, 30, 60, and 90 post-extraction for analysis, and the healing patterns at the healthy and diseased extraction sites were compared using radiography, scanning electron microscopy, histology, and histometry. Results: During the first 7 days of healing, a significant presence of inflammatory granulation tissue was noted at the diseased sites (day 1), along with a slightly accelerated rate of fibrin clot resolution on day 7. On day 30, the diseased extraction sites showed a greater percentage of persistent fibrous connective tissue, and an absence of bone marrow formation. In contrast, healthy sites showed initial signs of bone marrow formation on day 30, and subsequently a significantly greater proportion of mature bone marrow formation on both days 60 and 90. Radiographs exhibited sclerotic changes adjoining apical endodontic lesions, with scanning electron microscopy showing collapsed Volkmann canals protruding from these regions in the diseased sites. Furthermore, periodontal ligament fibers exhibited a parallel orientation to the alveolar walls of the diseased sites, in contrast to a perpendicular arrangement in the healthy sites. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it appears that a history of periodontal and endodontic pathology may critically affect bone formation and maturation, leading to delayed and compromised extraction socket healing.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 가스터빈 블레이드의 필름 냉각에서 45도 리브가 있는 냉각채널의 필름 홀 위치가 블레이드의 표면냉각 성능에 미치는 영향을 전산유체해석 기법을 통하여 분석하였다. 또한 냉각채널의 리브 유무의 영향을 동일 분사율에 대해서 고찰하였다. 수치해석 도메인은 3차원으로 구성하였고 상용코드(Fluent ver. 17.0)를 사용하여 정상상태 조건 하에서 수치해석을 진행하였다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 블레이드 표면에서의 냉각효율, 유속, 유선, 압력 계수를 비교 분석하였고 홀 위치의 변화가 리브 구조에 의해 유발되는 이차 유동의 토출에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 수치해석 결과로부터 리브가 설치되어 있는 경우 냉각채널의 내부유동은 상부에서 반시계 방향 및 하부에서 시계 방향의 와류쌍을 형성하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 리브가 있는 채널의 경우 리브에 의하여 발생한 와류유동이 홀 출구 부근에서 더 높은 압력 차이를 유발하여 리브가 없는 경우보다 최소 12% 이상의 높은 냉각 효율을 나타냈다. 또한 리브가 있는 채널 중에서 홀이 좌측에 위치한 경우(Rib-Left) 리브에 의하여 발생한 이차 유동이 홀 부근의 벽면에 부딪혀 홀 경사각 방향으로의 유동이 형성되는 것을 확인하였다. 블레이드 표면으로 토출된 냉각기체가 주 유동 경계층 내부에서 머무는 영역이 다른 케이스에 비하여 넓기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 또한 이 경우 홀 출구 부근에서 가장 큰 압력 계수 차이를 나타내었고 이로 인하여 냉각기체의 토출이 촉진되어 냉각효율이 다소 증가하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1477-1484
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• 2005

단무지 조미액 성분이 단무지 품질에 미치는 영향 조사와 단무지 조미액의 pH($X_1$), 열처리 조건($X_2$)의 영향 및 저장온도와 기간별 단무지의 색도 및 조직감 변화를 조사하였다. 개별 단무지 조미액 성분이 단무지의 색도 및 경도 변화에 미치는 영향의 경우, 증류수 침지군을 기준으로 AD9(acetic acid) 침지군을 제외하고 AD3(polyphosphate), AD5(citric acid), AD2(malic acid)은 색도 변화와 단무지 연화를 지연시켰다. 반면에, AD1(potasium sorbate), AD7(succinic acid), AD8(MSG), AD6(saccharin) 처리구는 색도 변화와 경도 감소를 가속화시켰다. 또 단무지 조미액과 열처 리 조건의 영향은 중심 합성 계획 (central composite design)과 반응표면 분석법(response surface analysis)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 독립 변수와 종속 변수의 상관 정도를 나타내는 $R^2$값이 종속변수 경도 값을 제외하고 0.8이상이었으며, 특히황색도를 나타내는 b값은 0.899을 나타내었다. 각 개별 독립변수와 교차 분석 결과 독립 변수인 $X_1$(pH)과 $X_2$(가열시간)모두 단무지의 색도와 조직감 변화에 영향을 끼쳤다. 또 저장 온도의 경우, $40^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 단무지의 색도가 다른 온도에 저장한 시료에 비하여 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 급속한 색도 변화와 연화가 진행되었다.