• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.342-351
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• 1999

The forest vegetation developing on Mt. Inwang, an isolated forestland in Seoul, Korea was analyzed phytosociologically and its spatial distribution mapped out. Using the vegetation map, The characteristics of landscape structures in terms of the number and size of patches are discussed. Forest vegetation of the study area was classified into ten communities, ten groups, and eighty subgroups. Landscape element types were classified into secondary forests, relict communities, introduced plantations, and other elements including urbanized area. Pinus densiflora community, natural forest and Robinia pseudo-acacia community, plantation, formed matrix and some secondary forest elements, relict communities and the ether plantations of small size tended to distribute as small patches in such matrix. The number of patches per unit area in secondary forest elements was more than that in plantation elements. The result in patch size was vice versa. The vascular plant species richness of the landscape element types in Mt. Inwang was found to he positively related to their size. As the results of landscape ecological analyses, it was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference a and those in subordinate levels to natural process such as progression of succession.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Ssanggok valley, Chilsung-myeon, Geosan-gun and Chungcheongbuk-do, and the survey of period was from March, 2006 to June, 2007. The results of surveying the flora were recorded as 401 taxa; 88 families, 242 genera, 342 species, 52 varieties and 7 forma. The korean endemic plants were 8 taxa; Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Asarum maculatum, Clematis trichotoma, Zanthoxylum schinifolium var. inermis, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis and Saussurea seoulensis. The endangered plant designate by the ministry of environment was Berchemia berchemiaefolia. The rare plants designated by Korea forest service were 7 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus, Asarum maculatum, Paeonia japonica, Berchemia berchemiaefolia, Viola albida, Rhododendron micranthum and Lilium distichum. In future, we will discuss a concrete conservation plan and propagation method about rare plants for conservation. The plant resources were 220 taxa of ornamental plant, 239 taxa of edible plant, 281 taxa of medicinal plant and 206 taxa of others. The naturalized plants were 13 taxa; Dactylis glmerata, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium glaucum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Oenothera lamarckiana, Aster subulatus, Erechtites hieracifolia, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Helianthus tuberosus and Taraxacum officinale. The naturalized index and Urbanized index were about 3.24% and 4.53%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.462-467
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• 2005

This study aims to classify the biotope types and evaluate its functions for acquiring the basic information which can support the landscape ecological management of the urban forest in the case of the three parks in Daegu metropolitan city and then to analyze vegetation landscape patterns. The biotope classification was mostly divided into 5 to 6 biotope type groups in the high units and 15 to 20 biotope types belong to them and then could know that the more big the park size, the more diverse and large the biotope types and its average area. The biotope grade over the three parks was dominating low rank grade (1 to 3 grade) 72.7% that forest organism is inadequate as live, and high grade (7 to 9 grade) did not appear entirely. Most in Biotope function estimation were appeared less than the middle rank grade and biotope area is bigger, those grade rises and temperature could know that is fallen. Vegetation landscape patterns was very simple because only two kinds of Robinia pseudo-acacia and Quercus acutissima is appeared as the dominated landscape elements in all of the three parks. And also because average area of those elements is generally 1ha or so, there was much problems in consecutiveness of functional role as forest ecosystem component. Conclusively, Ecological landscape management need to improve Biotope diversity and functionality, and it secures ecological minimal area and space linkage.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.290-298
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• 2007

The results of this research on the diversity, zonation of vegetation and micro-topography by TWINSPAN classification and DECORANA ordination, executed with Sinduri coastal dunes of Korea, are as follows: The vegetation and micro-topography of coastal dunes formed a noticeably clear zonation structure. The beach in the direction of the coastline saw a lot of appearance of Salsola komarovi and the primary dune was dominated by Elymus mollis. Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii and Carex pumila formed a colony at flat area of the sand hills and Calamagrostis epigeios was widely distributed at the wet slack. The secondary dune was dominated mostly by Ischaemum anthephoroides and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, and it showed an aspect of the distribution of Vitex rotundifolia and Rosa rugosa. while the hinterland hillside in the direction of inland was dominated by Robinia pseudo-acacia and Pinus thunbergii. However, Carex kobomugi, known as the pioneer species of the coastline-bound areas at the coastal dune, dominantly occupied the secondary dune of the rear side and continentally-inclined Miscanthus sinensi and Oenothera biennis of naturalized plant were irregularly spread over the whole of the coastal dune, so the stabilization of micro-topography seemed to be uncertain. Particularly, Miscanthus sinensis was predicted to be changed into dominant species of the primary dune, and secondary dune and slack having a commonly high species gathering inclination with the more progress of stabilization of the coastal dune. The expansion of sand hill wetlands and roads located between the primary dune and secondary dune was judged to have an effect on the zonation structure of plant distribution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.390-399
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• 2007

We analyzed the vegetation environment at the stream section of habitat in which Cottus koreanus lives. The plant communities were classified into Fraxinus rhynchophylla community, Acer ginnala-Salix koreensis community, Phragmites japonica-Salix gracilistyla community, Salix gracilistyla community, Phragmites japonica community, Robinia pseudo-acacia community, and Oenanthe javanica-Persicaria thunbergii community. The frequency of Phragmites japonica-Salix gracilistyla community was the most. And also the frequencies of Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Salix gracilistyla community were high. In stream bank zone and terrace zone, the typically represented vegetation was the Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Acer ginnala-Salix koreensis community and Phragmites japonica-Salix gracilistyla community, respectively. The rNCD of the top-priority plants applied to restoration of the vegetation in stream bank zone came out by the order of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Salix koreensis, Acer ginnala, Salix gracilistyla, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. The rNCD in terrace zone was arranged by the order of Salix gracilistyla, Phragmites japonica, and Artemisia princeps. The spatial distribution of vegetation was the most greatly influenced by cross-sectional position of the surveyed stream, and this aspect is believed to be due to the habitat's physical stability. Species diversity also obviously makes a great difference depending on their surrounding physical stability.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2008

This survey was conducted to analyze the effect of road construction near the group breeding places of the egrets and herons located at Palhyun-ri, Daegu, on their breeding during four years from 2003 to 2006. With the number of the individuals of the whole egrets and herons have been decreased due to the three-year road construction work(2003-2005). When the road construction was temporally stopped in 2006, the number of individuals of egrets and herons except Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis increased and partocilarly, the Gray heron Ardea cinerea was found to have been influenced the most by this construction in comparison with other egrets and herons. The number od individuals of large egrets, little egrets and herons was found to decrease during the construction period. After cutting off the nest trees and removing some parts of the breeding site, the herons and egrets tended to move their nesting place from roadsides to the inside of the breeding area. Trees for the nests decreased due to the increase in fellen trees caused by bird nests per tree increased gradually. As for the formation ratio of trees for the nests, the ratio of pine trees lowered yearly while that of acacia and oak trees was increasing during the survey.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.272-279
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• 2003

To determine optimal fermentation period of wild vegetables mixed with black sugar without microorganisms during plant extract fermentation food processing, changes in chemical components, quality characteristics of the fermented broth, and physiological functionality during fermentation period were investigated. pH and $^{\circ}Bx$ of fermented broths decreased gradually during fermentation period. Except persimmon leaf, viscosity of fermented broths of wild vegetables decreased after 3 months fermentation period. Amylase activity increased to $167{\sim}800%$ of its initial level after 6 months fermentation period, and invertase activity decreased by $60{\sim}170$ units after 1 month fermentation. No significant level of cellulase activity was observed. In the sensory evaluation test, inherent flavors and tastes of the wild vegetable decreased during the fermentation period, while those of others gradually increased. Overall acceptability was the highest after 3 months fermentation. Content of total phenolic compounds and electron-donating ability were highest after 3 to 4 months fermentation period, and decreased thereafter. Except Mugwort, tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in all fermented broths. SOD-like activities were $23.0{\sim}25.1$ and $27.0{\sim}29.2%$ in fermentation broths of acacia flower and persimmon leaf, respectively, and were maintained throughout the fermentation period. Based on these results, fermentation period of 3 to 4 months was determined to be appropriate for plant extract fermentation food processing.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2005

The forest vegetation of Namhae-gun was investigated using the methodology of the Z.-M. school of phytosociology from March, 1998 to September, 2003. The forest vegetation was classified into 12 communities, 11 subcommunities, 5 afforestations as follows : Quercus mongolica community(typical subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity), Ouercus serrata community(typical subcommunity, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum subcommunity), Ouercus variablis community(typical subcommunity, Platycarya strobilacea subcommunity), Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Carpinus coreans community, Styrax japonica community, Zelkova serrata community, Corylopsis coreana community, Pinus densiflora community(typical subcommunity, Rhododendron mucronulatum subcommunity, Carpinus laxiflora subcommunity), Pinus thunbergii community(typical subcommunity, Eurya Japonica subcommunity), Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense community, Chamaecyparis obtusa afforestation, Alnus firma afforestation, Pinus rigida afforestation, Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation, Cryptomeria japonica afforestation. The soil pH of the study area was ranged from 4.2 to 5.4, and soil moisture content was strongly related to organic matter content. The Corylopsis coreana community contained the highest soil moisture content, whereas Pinus densiflora community contained the lowest one. The content of organic matter were $15.8\sim19.1%$ in the Quercus mongolica, Carpinus coreans and Ouercus serrata communities, $3.3\sim5.4%$ in the Quercus acutissima, Corylopsis coreana and Pinus thunbergii communities, and $2.8\sim5.6%$ in the Pinus rigida and Cryptomeria japonica afforestation. There is significant correlation among the contents of cations($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.11
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• pp.26.1-26.9
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• 2018

Background: This experiment aimed at assessing polyphenol-rich plant biomass to use in complete feed making for the feeding of ruminants. Methods: An in vitro ruminal evaluation of complete blocks (CFB) with (Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus nummularia leaves) and without (Vigna sinensis hay) polyphenol rich plant leaves was conducted by applying Menke's in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. A total of six substrates, viz. three forages and three CFBs were subjected to in vitro ruminal fermentation in glass syringes to assess gas and methane production, substrate degradability, and rumen fermentation metabolites. Results: Total polyphenol content (g/Kg) was 163 in A. nilotica compared to 52.5 in Z. nummularia with a contrasting difference in tannin fractions, higher hydrolysable tannins (HT) in the former (140.1 vs 2.8) and higher condensed (CT) tannins in the later (28.3 vs 7.9). The potential gas production was lower with a higher lag phase (L) in CT containing Z. nummularia and the component feed block. A. nilotica alone and as a constituent of CFB produced higher total gas but with lower methane while the partitioning factor (PF) was higher in Z. nummularia and its CFB. Substrate digestibility (both DM and OM) was lower (P < 0.001) in Z. nummularia compared to other forages and CFBs. The fermentation metabolites showed a different pattern for forages and their CFBs. The forages showed higher TCA precipitable N and lower acetate: propionate ratio in Z. nummularia while the related trend was found in CFB with V. sinensis. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher (P < 0.001) in A. nilotica leaves than V. sinensis hay and Z. nummularia leaves. It has implication on widening the forage resources and providing opportunity to use forage biomass rich in polyphenolic constituents in judicious proportion for reducing methane and enhancing green livestock production. Conclusion: Above all, higher substrate degradability, propionate production, lower methanogenesis in CFB with A. nilotica leaves may be considered useful. Nevertheless, CFB with Z. nummularia also proved its usefulness with higher TCA precipitable N and PF. It has implication on widening the forage resources and providing opportunity to use polyphenol-rich forage biomass for reducing methane and enhancing green livestock production.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 2015

This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in West Java, Indonesia against subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus). It was observed that both heartwood and sapwood of Kiara payung (Filicium decipiens); heartwoods of Nangka (Arthocarpus heterophyllus), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) and Simpur (Dillenia grandifolia); and sapwood of Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) were rated as resistant (natural durability class II) according to Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207.2006 (BSN 2006). Both heartwood and sapwood of Salam (Syzigium polyanthum), Pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus), Bisbul (Diospyros discolor), Rukam (Flacourtia rukam) and Trembesi (Samanea saman); heartwood of Puspa (Schima walichii), Bungur, Tanjung (Mimusops elangi) and Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) were rated as moderately resistant (natural durability class III). Both heartwood and sapwood of Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Pine (Pinus merkusii), Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Afrika (Maesopsis eminii); sapwoods of Mahoni, Puspa and Tanjung were rated as poorly resistant (natural durability class IV). Both heartwood and sapwood of Agathis (Agathis dammara), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Ki sampang (Evodia latifolia) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba); sapwoods of Nangka and Angsana were rated as very poorly resistant (natural durability class V). This reserach showed that woods with lower resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class IV and V) tend to have lower termite mortality values compared to woods with higher resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class II and III). Results of the study will provide some valuable information on termite resistance of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in Indonesia.