• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2017

Up to now, better convenience and portability were important factors in the development of the cosmetics and achieved by immersing low viscosity makeup water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion into the impregnation material. Conventionally, polyurethane sponges having porous network structures and hard textures have been dominantly used. It has an advantage of easy to manufacture because of its good impregnation property due to its structural characteristics. However, it releases emulsion too much at first use, and shows unexpected dramatic decline during the period of usage. In this study, we studied on makeup W/O emulsion with various features and developed the new foaming sponge, which showed excellent formability and proper absorption and discharge ability of cosmetic composition through the combination of natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). This impregnation material is characterized by the softness of elasticity like a rubber, high elongation and uniform output. We confirmed that this material can be used to develop makeup products using various oils depending on polarity and controlling the viscosity of the makeup W/O emulsion. Thus, it is concluded that these results provide valuable information in developing new cosmetics impregnation materials.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2002

Soil chemical parameters of peach orchards and the concentration of nutrients in peach leaves were investigated. Results of soil analysis showed that pH value and content of exchangeable calcium was quite low, required to adjust soil acidity in many investigated soils. Nitrogen and phosphorous contents in leaves were founded to be excessive comparing to RDA's optimal levels(N $29.3{\sim}35.9g\;kg^{-1}$, P $1.7{\sim}2.2g\;kg^{-1}$), while calcium contents were lower than optimal levels($11.2{\sim}21.0g\;kg^{-1}$) in many sites and Potassium content was higher in peach cultivars than nectarine cultivars. Correlation analysis revealed that organic matter contents in subsoils and exchangeable calcium content in soils(top and subsoil) were increased with cultivation year, but available phosphate contents in subsoils were decreased. Organic matter and exchangeable magnesium contents in top soils were positively correlated with potassium and magnesium contents in leaves, whereas were negatively correlated with calcium contents in leaves, impling antagonistic absorption of calcium against potassium and magnesium. The findings indicated that most of soils ought to managed to adjust soil acidity and application amount of nitrogen, phosphorous fertilizer and compost should be controlled properly.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.318-323
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• 2009

The lightweight aggregates made of bottom ash (70 wt%) and dredged soil (30 wt%) were prepared to investigate the property differences at various sintering atmospheres. The green aggregates were sintered at $1150^{\circ}C$ and $1200^{\circ}C$ with oxidized, neutralized and reduced atmospheres. The aggregates sintered with oxidized atmosphere showed a clear border between shell and black core area. However, the aggregates sintered with a reduced atmosphere showed only black core area in the entire cross-section of the aggregates. The black core area of the aggregates sintered with a neutralized atmosphere increased with increasing $N_2$ gas flow rates. It was determined that the sintering atmosphere was similar to that of rotary kiln when the CO gas flow was 100 cc/min to make a reduced atmosphere in tube furnace. The water absorption rates of both aggregates from tube furnace with reduced atmosphere and rotary kiln were very similar to each other.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.477-482
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• 2006

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the masting temperature on the phycochemical properties of the roasted Job's tears. Raw seeds were roasted for 20 min at 150, 170, 190, 210 or $230^{\circ}C$, were milled and extracted with hot water. The L and a values of the powder were sharply decreased or increased at the masting temperature of above $190^{\circ}C$, respectively. The b value was maximum at $190^{\circ}C$. Water absorption capacity of the powder and browning index of the extract were proportionally increasing with increasing the masting temperature. The pH of the extracts was decreased at the masting temperature of above $190^{\circ}C$. Total sugar content of the extract tended to be decreased until $170^{\circ}C$ and then be increased from $190^{\circ}C$. Content of phenolic compound of the extract was increased at the masting temperature of above $210^{\circ}C$. At the sensory evaluation of the extract, aroma and taste of samples masted at $170^{\circ}C$ and above $190^{\circ}C$, respectively were higher than those masted at the others. Overall acceptability of the extract was highest at $190^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.362-362
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• 2014

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be regarded as a special variation of the chemical vapor deposition method for reducing film thickness. ALD is based on sequential self-limiting reactions from the gas phase to produce thin films and over-layers in the nanometer scale with perfect conformality and process controllability. These characteristics make ALD an important film deposition technique for nanoelectronics. Tantalum pentoxide ($Ta_2O_5$) has a number of applications in optics and electronics due to its superior properties, such as thermal and chemical stability, high refractive index (>2.0), low absorption in near-UV to IR regions, and high-k. In particular, the dielectric constant of amorphous $Ta_2O_5$ is typically close to 25. Accordingly, $Ta_2O_5$ has been extensively studied in various electronics such as metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (FET), organic FET, dynamic random access memories (RAM), resistance RAM, etc. In this experiment, the variations of chemical and interfacial state during the growth of $Ta_2O_5$ films on the Si substrate by ALD was investigated using in-situ synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. A newly synthesized liquid precursor $Ta(N^tBu)(dmamp)_2$ Me was used as the metal precursor, with Ar as a purging gas and $H_2O$ as the oxidant source. The core-level spectra of Si 2p, Ta 4f, and O 1s revealed that Ta suboxide and Si dioxide were formed at the initial stages of $Ta_2O_5$ growth. However, the Ta suboxide states almost disappeared as the ALD cycles progressed. Consequently, the $Ta^{5+}$ state, which corresponds with the stoichiometric $Ta_2O_5$, only appeared after 4.0 cycles. Additionally, tantalum silicide was not detected at the interfacial states between $Ta_2O_5$ and Si. The measured valence band offset value between $Ta_2O_5$ and the Si substrate was 3.08 eV after 2.5 cycles.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2004

Removal efficiencies for diesel fuel and diesel hydrocarbons ($C_10$∼$C_22$) using microwave-enhanced SVE process were evaluated with dry and moist soil, respectively. Diesel removal rates of microwave-enhanced SVE process were 7 times for dry soil and 1580 times for moist soil as great as those of the SVE process without microwave heating. High dielectric property of water contents may accelerate the absorption of microwave energy into soil and thus vaporized the diesel fuel components drastically. The diesel removals were 67.7∼78.4% for $C_10$ and $C_12$, and 0∼18.5% for $C_14$∼$C_22$ for dry and moist soil with SVE process only. On the other hand, dry soil with microwave-enhanced SVE process showed 89.3∼99.4% removal for $C_10$ to and $C_12$ and 35.6∼67.0% for hydrocarbons over $C_14$. All hydrocarbons ($C_10$∼$C_22$) studied were significantly removed (93.6∼99.8%) for moist soil with microwave-enhanced SVE process.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.522-526
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• 2010

Heat storage application techniques can be categorized into the sensible heat storage and the latent heat storage according to the method of heat storage. Heat storage is the way of saving remaining heat when heating and cooling loads are light, and then using it when the heating and cooling loads are heavy. Latent heat storage is defined as the method of saving heat by using substances which have high potential heat when phase change is in the range of a certain temperature and when heat storage space is small, compared to those of sensible heat storage and it is possible that absorption and emission of heat at a certain temperature. This study is conducted to save energy when either air-conditioning or heating is operated in a building. We have tried to find out the essential properties of matter and the optimum mixing rate about cement and gypsum for building materials, which have been widely used for proper phase change materials (PCM), when thermal environment property is applied. So we obtained the result of the cooling delay effect about 19% with heat storage mortar containing 3 wt% of PCM.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2007

It is essential that second order nonlinear optical materials have low optical propagation losses in the wavelengths of second harmonic generation for practical applications in waveguides. Three dipolar chromophores substituted with nitro, cyano, and alkyl sulfone as an electron withdrawing group were prepared. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the cyano and alkylsulfone chromophores showed a blue-shift compared to the nitro chromophore. The introduction of oxadiazole segment in the chromophore structure led to similar spectral shift. The blue-shift can produce low optical loses at second harmonics. The chromophores were successfully attached to a polyimide, yielding side chain polymers. The nonlinear optical property of the prepared optical polymers was determined by measuring electro-optic coefficient at 1.55 mm. The polymers exhibited high glass transition temperature of over $185^{\circ}C$ and thermal stability to $300^{\circ}C$ through differential scanning calorimeter analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.624-631
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• 2014

In this study, a new series of conjugated polymer 3-(5-(5,6-bis(octyloxy)-7-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-10-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-10H-phenothiazine (P1) and 3-(5-(5,6-bis(octyloxy)-7-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-10-(4-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)phenyl)-10H-phenothiazine (P2) were synthesised and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) properties were characterized. The push-pull structure polymer consisted of phenothiazine derivative as an electron donor and benzothiadiazole derivative as an electron acceptor. The aliphatic chain substituted aromatic ring was substituted at the position of N in phenothiazine for the electron-rich and improved solubility. Excellent thermal stabilities of P1 and P2 were confirmed by measured Td values as 321.9 and $323.7^{\circ}C$, respectively and the degrees of polymerization were 4,911 (P1) and 5,294 (P2). The maximum absorption wavelength of P1 and P2 were 549 and 566 nm, respectively. The device was fabricated and the OPVs property was measured. As a result, the power efficiency of conversion for P1 and P2 were 0.96 and 0.90%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1939-1946
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• 2012

High performance steel for bridges requires higher performance in tensile and yield strength, toughness, weldability, etc. The purpose of this study is to investigate the weldability of HSB 600 steel. The effects of heat input (1.4~3.2kJ/mm) and postweld heat treatment (PWHT, $600^{\circ}C$, 40hr.) on the TMCP HSB600 steel weldments made by GMAW process were investigated. The tensile strength and hardness of as-welded specimens decreased with increasing heat input. Charpy V-notch impact energy did not show any significant difference by postweld heat treatment. The fine-grained acicular ferrite was mainly formed in the 2.1kJ/mm of heat input while polygonal and side plate ferrites were dominated in the high inputs. Meanwhile, tensile strength and hardness of PWHT weldments decreased due to the coarsening and globularization of ferrite microstructure and reduction of residual stresses with increasing heat inputs. However, there was no significant difference in the impact energy absorption.