• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to recognize the relation of menstrual pattern and dysmenorrhea affected by obesity of first-year female college students. Methods: From March 22th to April 2nd, 2010 we researched 251 first-year female students at OOcollege, aged 19(born after March 1991 to February 1992) by questionnaires to investigate their Body Mass Index(BMI), menstruation and dysmenorrhea. The BMI range of normal group is 18.5~25, abnormal group is over 25. Results: 1. The normal group was 227 people(90.4%) and the abnormal group(over BMI 25) was 24 people(9.6%). 2. In the mean of BMI, the normal group was $21.08{\pm}1.64$ and the abnormal group was $27.94{\pm}2.19$. 3. There was no statistical difference between the normal group and the abnormal group in menstrual cycle, menstrual amount, menstrual color and menstrual blood clot. 4. There was statistical difference between the normal group and the abnormal group in menarcheal age, menstrual duration and dysmenorrhea. 5. In the mean of VAS, the normal group was $3.68{\pm}2.45$ and the abnormal group was $3.21{\pm}2.05$, and two groups were not different statistically. Conclusion: This study showed the relation of menstrual pattern and dysmenorrhea affected by obesity. The normal group and the abnormal group were different statistically in menarcheal age, menstrual duration and dysmenorrhea. In consequence of this study, it was supposed that obesity had an effect on menstruation.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 2007

Purpose: Recent studies show that Skin Resistance Variability(SRV) could be related to the functions of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary(H-P-O) axis. 7-Zone-Diagnostic System is oriental medicine measuring system using SRV. To know the differences of SRV of normal and abnormal menstrual cycle groups, we research the SRV of the two groups. Methods: We measured SRV of two groups that were consist of 126 women who took CP-6000A test in Sangji Oriental Medical Hospital from Mar. 2004 to Feb. 2006. After detection of SRV, we performed correlation analysis by SPSS 12.0. Results: The SRV was measured twice in 7 areas. By the results of 1st trial on Factor AA of the SRV, the patient group's results were lower than normal group's results in all 7 areas. And there were remarkable differences in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 areas between two groups. By the results of 2nd trial on Factor AA of the SRV, the patient group's results were lower than normal group's results in all 7 areas similar to 1st trial results. And there were remarkable differences in 2, 3 areas between two groups. Conclusion: Comparing normal group with patient group, these results may reflect the relations of abnormal menstrual cycle and H-P-O axis functions. Because patient's results were lower than normal's in all 7 areas. And remarkable different results in 2, 3 areas were repeated by twice trial all. Further study will be needed.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.101-108
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• 2009

Purpose: Integrative studies have been made to review the correlationship of menstrual period with obesity and stress, and the relationship between stress and obesity has been reconfirmed through the study. Methods: Among the first time outpatients who visited the gynecological department of the OO oriental medical center from May 1st to September 1st of the year 2009, total 114 patients were included for the study by excluding the patients who received uterine hysterectomy, patients taking hormonal medications, and the patients who installed intrauterine devices. Survey has been made to investigate patients' age, menstrual period and duration of menstrual period. The investigation for the degree of obesity and stress was conducted as in below. Results: 1. From the menstrual cycle difference reviewed by Gonadosomatic index (GSI), the severe GSI group tended to show longer menstrual cycle than moderative GSI group. 2. From the menstrual cycle difference reviewed by Body Mass Index (BMI), longer menstrual cycle was observed from the abnormal BMI group than the normal BMI group. 3. No correlative probability values of GSI and BMI were observed. 4. Although the linear regression analysis result of BMI and GSI with the menstrual cycle did not show any statistical significance, the study resulted to show a tendency. Conclusion: Although the correlationship of menstrual cycle with obesity and stress did not show any significance, it is considered that the menstrual period could be affected by the combination of the variables rather than by independent variable.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2024

Objective: People vaccinated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2]) mRNA vaccine have reported experiencing various adverse effects. For instance, reproductive-age women have presented with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding or menstrual cycle changes. We speculated that differences in basal sex hormone levels before and after vaccination may be present in women who experienced irregular bleeding or menstrual cycle changes; thus, this study aimed to investigate the differences in basal sex hormone levels of women before and after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who received SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines between January 2021 and February 2022 at a single center. In an outpatient setting, patients were queried regarding their menstrual cycle, the date of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, vaccination type, and vaccination side effects. Differences in basal hormone levels (menstrual cycle days 2-3, follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH], and estradiol) before and after vaccination were compared. Results: Among the 326 patients, patients with no laboratory records of the hormones were excluded. The median time interval between SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and the laboratory test day was 79 days (interquartile range, 44 to 127). A comparative analysis of these hormones before and after vaccination revealed no significant differences. Subgroup analyses based on age and reported adverse events also found no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: This study showed no significant differences in basal hormone levels (FSH, LH, and estradiol) before and after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.35
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• pp.30.1-30.13
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• 2023

Background: Dysmenorrhea and menstrual cycle changes occur in women working shifts. Circadian rhythm disruption and sleep disturbances associated with shift work leads to health problems. We identified chronotypes and the occurrence of insomnia among newly employed university hospital nurses and investigated the association of these factors with menstrual problems. Methods: We conducted pre-placement health examinations for shift workers using self-reported questionnaires between 2018 and 2020. A total of 463 nurses were included in the study. Sociodemographic data, shift work experience, and information on insomnia were collected from health examination data. In addition, details regarding chronotype, dysmenorrhea, irregular and abnormal menstrual cycles, amenorrhea, and contraceptive use were obtained from the questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to study the association between chronotype, insomnia, and menstrual problems after controlling for age, body mass index, contraceptive use, amenorrhea, and prior shift work. Results: The prevalence rates of dysmenorrhea, irregular menstrual cycles, and longer menstrual cycles were 23.8%, 14.9%, and 4.1%, respectively. The risk of dysmenorrhea increased in the evening-type (odds ratio [OR]: 3.209; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.685-6.113) and those with insomnia (OR: 1.871; 95% CI: 1.074-3.261). Additionally, the risk of an irregular menstrual cycle (OR: 2.698; 95% CI: 1.167-6.237) increased in the evening-type, and the risk of a longer menstrual cycle (OR: 4.008; 95% CI: 1.354-11.864) increased in individuals with insomnia. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dysmenorrhea is promoted in the evening-type and insomnia individuals. There may be an increased risk of irregular menstrual cycles among evening-type nurses and an increased risk of longer menstrual cycles among those with insomnia. Therefore, factors such as evening-type and insomnia should be considered for the prevention of menstrual problems in women performing shift work.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.1
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• pp.15-54
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• 1992

The present study was accomplished to investigate the relation between menstrual cycle and ovulation by studying the fluctuation of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone concentration in serum samples of selected senior high school women with normal and delayed menstrual cycles after administration of Jokyungijongoktang which was a widely used herb medicine for controlling abnormal menstrual cycles. The obtained results were summarized as follows : 1. There was a significant increase of FSH concentration in women with delayed menstrual cycles after administration of Jokyungjongoktang during the preovulatory phase. 2. Jokyungiongoktang produced a significant elevation od LH concentration in women with normal and delayed menstrual cycles, respectively, during the critical interval of ovulation. 3. Estrogen concentration was significantly decreased in women with delayed menstrual cycles after administration of Jokyungjongoktang during the critical interval of ovulation. 4. Peogesterone concentration significantly increase in women with delayed menstrual cycles after administration of Jokyungjongoktang, respectively, during the postovulatory phase. According to the above results, it can be considered that Jokyungjongoktang restore menstruation and pregnancy-related hormones to normal serum levels of women with normal menstrual cycles by activating maturation of ovum and action of estrogen during the preovulatory phase, ovulation and progesterone synthesis during the critical interval of ovulation, and nidation and endometrium sufficient for the continued pregnacy during the postovulatory phase in women with delayed menstrual cycles.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.283-292
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• 1996

Objective: To determine the cutoff value of clomiphene citrate challenge test(CCCT) that can predict the normal and abnormal(diminished) ovarian response group and to assess the usefulness of CCCT as a predictor of ovarian reserve. Materials and Methods: From March 1994 to Februry 1996, CCCT was performed to 129 infertile patients and among them, 20 patients whose basal FSH on the third day of menstrual cycle was more than 20 mIU/ml were excluded. At the same time, the same CCCT was performed to the fifteen healthy volunteers with proven fertility to determine the cutoff value of CCCT. Results; 1) A FSH value higher than 23.4 mIU/ml, measured on the 10th day of menstrual cycle, was defined as a abnormal ovarian response. The cutoff value of 23.4 mIU/ml is more than 2 standard deviations(SD) above the mean value of 15 healthy women after CCCT. 2) The abnormal CCCT group, the subpopulation with a FSH value of 23.4 mIU/ml or more, was 7.3%(8/109) and their mean age was higher than the normal CCCT group($36.5{\pm}4.5$ vs. $32.9{\pm}4.8$, P = 0.059). And the percentage of the patients older than 35 years of the abnormal CCCT group was significantly higher than that of the normal CCCT group(62.5% vs. 38.6%, p <0.05). 3) There was no correlation between the hormone values of the third day and the 10th day of menstrual cycle before and after CCCT except between FSH of the third day and the 10th day. Conclusion: The CCCT is a good method to predict the individual ovarian response to COH for ART, especially in the patients who has no other abnormal findings that predict poor prognosis. And it is neccessary to determine the cutoff value of CCCT by the large numbers of randomized study, and combining the previously proven prognostic factors, it can be applicated in many individual centers for evaluate the ovarian response before ART program.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.167-172
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• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this report is to record the effects of oriental treatments for the abnormal uterine bleeding Methods : This is a case report of a 16 year old female patient suffering from abnormal uterine bleeding for eight months. She was treated by Herb therapy for 3 months. During the treatments, we checked changes of symptoms. Results : After Herb therapy, abnormal uterine bleeding was disappeared and recovered the normal menstrual cycle. Conclusion : This clinical case shows that Herb therapy has potentially effective for abnormal uterine bleeding. More clinical data and studies are required for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.245-255
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to report the effect of oriental treatments for the abnormal uterine bleeding. Methods : We treated a 30-year-old female who had been suffering from abnormal uterine bleeding for one month by Herb medication(Yikweseungyangtang, Chokyungjongoktang, Jahagehwan), acupuncture therapy and moxibustion therapy at the same time. And these teatments were based on 塞流([sailiu]-stanch blood), 澄源([chengyuan]-correct origin), 復舊([fuliu-restore) which are principles of treatment of 崩漏([benglou]-metrorrhagia). Results : After oriental medical teatment, abnormal uterine bleeding was disappeared and recovered the normal menstrual cycle. Conclusion : This case study shows that the oriental medical treatment in accordance with three principles of oriental treatment has an useful effect on abnormal uterine bleeding patient's treatment and recovery.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.577-587
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• 2013

This study aimed to elicit the variability of appetite and food intake patterns in female college students during different menstrual phases. The craving for certain foods and physiological and psychological symptoms of menstrual phase (pre- and post-menstrual) were investigated by self-administered questionnaire. Three hundred and sixty six students who were 20.9 years old and had $19.8kg/m^2$ of BMI volunteered to participate in this study. Most of the subjects (89.5%) experienced the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) such as irritation, bodily fatigue, nervosity. Symptoms such as tiredness, stomachache, changes in taste and increased appetite were pointed out to be experienced at the onset of the menstrual cycle. The variability of food intake in premenstrual phase, 11.0% of subjects had decreased food intake where as 68.8% had experienced increased intake. The postmenstrual phase, 20.1% had decreased food intake while 45.2% had experienced increased intake due to changes in the appetite. Before starting menstruation, most of the subjects craved for sweets. The group who had experienced abnormal appetite during menstrual phase was significantly high ratio in overweight and obese students (p<0.05). We also observed an association between the PMS score and the variability of eating patterns during the menstrual phase. The students who experienced changing appetite and food intake had significantly high PMS score in the premenstrual phase (p<0.01) and postmenstrual phase (p<0.05). These results suggested a need for future study related to changes in the actual nutrient intake and activity level during the menstrual phase.