• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.201-217
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• 2014

There is likely to be a fit problem when women aged in their 30s-40s purchase down-age clothing from brands that target women in their 20s. To identify the part of the lower body that causes the fit problem, the sizes and types of lower body of women in their 30s-40s were compared with those of women in their 20s. The data for this study was from the 2010 Size Korea survey of body measurements of 1675 female adults in their 20s-40s. To examine differences in the average sizes of the lower body between women in their 20s and 30s-40s, descriptive statistics and t-tests were conducted. Factor and cluster analysis were used to classify body types by age groups. On the whole, compared to women in their 30s-40s, women in their 20s were found to be higher for all height items and smaller for size, thickness and width items. The result of the Glycemic index analysis showed that the body type of women in their 20s was generally larger than that of women in their 30s-40s. In addition, women in their 20s had a large drop value compared to those in their 30s-40s, whereas flatness of body cross section was bigger in the group of women in their 30s-40s. Four factors related to the lower body type of female adults in their 20s-40s were identified in the factor analysis, and three categories of body type were identified by cluster analysis. A Type 1 individual had abdominal obesity and chubby lower limbs, Type 2 had short legs and slightly chubby lower limbs, and Type 3 had long legs and a skinny lower body. A significant number of women in their 30s-40s were included in the Type 1 group, which was the least common category for women in their 20s.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.407-412
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• 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of nonalcoholic fatty liver and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the association of nonalcoholic fatty liver and cardiovascular risk factors for adult men (n=2976) and women (n=2442) who were over 19 years old, after excluding the HBsAg(+) or anti-HCV(+) patients and the men and women with increased alcohol intake (men: 40g/week, women: 20g/week). Results: Compared with the normal liver subjects, the nonalcoholic fatty liver subjects showed a significantly increased frequency of abnormal systolic blood pressure (${geq}120mmHg$), fasting blood sugar (${\geq}100mg/dL$), total cholesterol ($({\geq}200 mg/dL$), triglyceride ($({\geq}150mg/dL$), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<40 mg/dL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol ($({\geq}130g\; m/dL$) and abdominal obesity in men, and all these measures were significantly increased in the women except for abnormal HDL cholesterol. After adjusting for the body mass index, age, smoking, exercise and a nonalcoholic liver, the odds ratios of an abnormal waist hip ratio were 1.35(95% Confidence Interval=1.05-4.72) in the mild fatty liver, 1.61 (1.19-2.18) in the moderate fatty liver, 2.77(1.57-4.92) in the severe fatty liver compared with a normal liver. The adjusted odds ratios for abnormal fasting blood sugar were 1.26(1.03-1.53) in the mild fatty liver, 1.62(1.27-2.06) in the moderate fatty Iiver and 1.77(1.12-2.78) in the severe fatty liver. The adjusted odds ratios for abnormal triglyceride were 1.38(1.11-1.72) in the mild fatty liver, 1.73(0.33-2.24) in the moderate fatty liver and 1.91 (1.17-3.10) in the severe fatty liver of men. Adjusted odds ratios for abnormal triglyceride were 1.50(1.04-2.15) in mild, 1.71(1.07-2.68) in moderate, 1.81(0.69-4.38) in severe fatty liver of women. Conclusions: The nonalcoholic fatty liver subjects had more cardiovascular risk factors compared with the normal liver subjects. Thus, prevention and treatment of the nonalcoholic fatty liver is necessary by lifestyle modifications such as restriction of alcohol intake, no smoking, exercise and adequate eating habits.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2018

Bilirubin has an anti-inflammatory effect as an endogenous antioxidant and has been reported to be inversely correlated with hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. On the other hand, there is a lack of research evaluating the association between bilirubin and metabolic syndrome compared to liver-specific indicators. This study examined the association between the total bilirubin and metabolic syndrome prevalence in Korean adults who underwent health screening compared to ALT and GGT. This cross sectional study included 22,568 adult males and females aged 20 years or older who underwent a health examination at the General Hospital of Gyeonggi Province from March 2015 to February 2018. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) guidelines. In both genders, the metabolic syndrome diagnosed group had higher liver enzymes, and the total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were lower than those without the metabolic syndrome risk factors. The serum total bilirubin showed a weak inverse correlation with abdominal obesity (r=-0.066 vs r=-0.055) and triglyceride (r=-0.127 vs r=-0.136) in both males and females, which is weaker than ALT and GGT The data were statistically significant. In addition, total bilirubin as well as ALT and GGT in both men and women were not predictors of the likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1376-1380
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• 2017

This study examined how the daily administration of dried CP roots affects body-weight gains of mice. An aqueous CP extract (1 g/kg of CP-W) was orally administered to mice on a daily basis for ten weeks, and the mice's body weights and food intakes were measured throughout the period. At the end of the ten-week treatment, murine blood samples were taken and hematological and serum biochemical parameters were examined. The mice's intra-abdominal organs were weighed at necropsy. The treatment of CP-W significantly suppressed the mice's body-weight gain by about 10%. There were no changes to the food intakes of and no observable abnormal clinical signs in any of the animals throughout the experimental period. There were no significant differences between the control and CP-W mice in regards to the hematological and serum biochemical parameters and the organ weights at necropsy. The results demonstrated that the daily administration of CP-W for ten weeks suppresses body-weight gain in mice and does not change mice's food intake or cause any noticeable toxic effects.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.725-731
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of low-calorie diets(LCD) for 8 weeks of medical nutrition therapy in individuals with BMI in excess of $23\;kg/m^2$. 41 over-weight or obese individuals (male=14, female=27, age $28.6{\pm}8.9\;yrs$), none of whom were diagnosed with a medical disease, were administered MNT 4 times over the study period. Approximately $1,100{\sim}1,300\;kcal/day$ were prescribed by a dietitian, via individualized counseling. Anthropometric parameters, daily nutrient intake, and blood levels of leptin, insulin, and lipid profiles were measured prior to and after the 8 weeks of the intervention period. We noted significant reductions in body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal skin-fold thickness, and waist circumference in both men and women. The mean body weight losses in men and women were $3.2{\pm}0.6\;kg$/8 weeks and $2.8{\pm}0.6\;kg$/8 weeks, respectively. However, the % of lean body mass (LBM) in men and women was shown to increase significantly (p<0.05). The daily intake of calorie, fat, protein, vitamin E, folate, and iron were significantly reduced during the LCD period. Blood levels of lipids and glucose were in normal range, and evidenced no changes after LCD. However, the serum levels of leptin in female subjects were significantly reduced (p<0.00l) from $8.9{\pm}4.8\;ng/mL$ to $6.9{\pm}4.8\;ng/mL$. In conclusion, 8 weeks of LCD with individualized counseling by a dietitian effectively reduced body fat and visceral fat in both men and women with BMI in excess of $23\;kg/m^2$.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2001

The Clinical Study on the Body Weight Loss of Taeumin Inpatients in Stroke by Sasang Constitutional Medicinal Treatment. Purpose: It has been frequently noted that overweight and obesity have a stronger relationship to hypertension and diabetes mellitus than to the risk of stroke. The purpose of this study is to find out whether Sasang Constitutional Medicinal treatment in the stroke patients of Tae-um-in has an effect on local or general weight loss. Methods: Case-control study was applied. The experiment group is the 24 Taeumin stroke inpatients who were in hospital in Kyung-Hee Oriental Hospital from July 1, 2000 to October 1 and received Sasang Constitutional Medicinal treatment. The control group is the 13 Taeumin stroke inpatients who were in the hospital during the same period but didn't receive Sasang Constitutional Medicinal treatment. In the two groups, body weight, BMI, the skin fold(cm) of triceps, suprailiac, abdominal portion, and thigh and the circumference(cm) of wrist, biceps, triceps, and W/H ratio were compared and studied for three weeks. Results: 1. In the experiment group, there were 8 women and 15 men, 23 in total and in the control group, there were 5 women and 9 men, 14 in total. 2. From two weeks later, there was a significant decrease in the experiment group in weight loss, the ratio of loss, and BMI(p<0.05). 3. Concerned with the change in the skin fold of suprailiac portion, there was a significant decrease in each group(p<0.05). 4. Concerned with the change in the skin fold of Chunchu-Hyel portion(天樞穴), thigh and in the circumference of hip, W/H ratio, there was a significant decrease in the experiment group(p<0.05). 5. Concerned with the change in the value of Lipid Profile, GOT, and GPT, only Glucose(GLU) showed a significant decrease(p<0.05) in the experiment group(p<0.05). As Conclusion, Sasang Constitutional Medicinal treatment in the stroke patients of Tae-um-in has an effect on local or general weight loss.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.447-459
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• 2017

Purpose: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of inter-connected metabolic disorders involving the glucose metabolism, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure, and abdominal obesity. The worldwide prevalence has been rapidly increasing to approximately 20~25%, and the prevalence in Korea as of 2012 was reported to be 31.3%. The association of MetS with various diseases needs to be analyzed by conducting an investigation of frequently consumed foods, such as dairy products, fish, and shellfish in prediabetic subjects. Methods: The dietary intake of subjects who met the criteria of the study from January to December 2015 was assessed using the 24-hour recall method. After adjusting the age, sex, BMI, and total energy intake, which are confounding factors that may affect the dietary intake of the subjects, the associations of dairy products, fish, and shellfish intake with the MetS risk factors was analyzed. Results: In prediabetes, the intake of subjects who consumed more than the dairy products median (187.0 g) and the elevation risk of TC [OR, 2.369; 95% CI, 1.057 to 5.312] showed a significant positive association. In prediabetes, the intake of subjects who consumed more than the fish and shellfish median (44.0 g) and the elevation risk of BP showed a significantly weak negative association [OR, 0.073; 95% CI, 0.010 to 0.520]. The probability that the blood LDL cholesterol was ${\geq}100mg/dL$ decreased 0.397 times [95% CI, 0.189 to 0.832]. Conclusion: To control the metabolic risk factors of pre-diabetic and vascular disease subjects, proper dairy, fish and shellfish intake will be important.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2007

Purpose: The present study intended to reveal the association between the physique of adolescent women and dysmenorrhea, and the factors related to the frequency of dysmenorrhea. Methods: The study subjects included 511 girls of a women's high school in Daejeon city and they were, during the period of March 1st through April 30th, 2005, given self-administered questionnaires about frequency of menstruation, age, physique, exercise, and such menstruation-related items as age of menarche, menstrual period and days, and amount. Results: As with the frequency of dysmenorrhea, 38.4% experienced it 「always」, 44.6% 「occasionally」, and 17.0% 「almost scarcely」, and those with dysmenorrhea accounted for 83.0% of the subjects. The frequency of dysmenorrhea was not significant difference according to the BMI and HPI. However, the lower the age of menarche and the greater the amount of menstrual flow, the more frequent dysmenorrhea. The symptoms of dysmenorrhea included the highest frequency of low back pain(68.5%) and it was followed by abdominal pain(65.9%), sensibility(54.0%), fatigue(51.7%), and nervousness(49.5%). These accompanied symptoms tended to be worse as the frequency of dysmenorrhea increased. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the relative risk of frequency of dysmenorrhea is 2.2 times in age of 14, by a standard age of 15 as menarchial age, 2.2 in 13, and 3.1 in below 12. The menstrual days was 3.0 times in both below 2 days and over 8 days with the standard days of 3-7 days. The menstrual amount was 1.9 times in the group with a greater amount of menstrual bleeding and 1.5 times in the group with a less amount than the normal group, respectively. Conclusion: The above results suggest that the rate of experiencing dysmenorrhea was up to 83.0% and 38.4% from these had dysmenorrhea upon every menstruation. It is thought that dysmenorrhea could be a great disadvantage sufficient to impair optimal health to a larger body of school girls. Further, for quality of life, it is required that more fundamental strategies instead of pain killers or others for palliation of dysmenorrhea would be established among adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2019

This study compared the utility of the serum uric acid/creatinine ratio with that of uric acid as a risk predictor of metabolic syndrome. From November 2016 to October 2018, 14,190 adult men under the age of 20 years, who underwent a comprehensive health checkup at a general hospital in their metropolitan area, were included. Metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) criteria. Abdominal obesity was based on the WHO criteria in the Western Pacific region. The serum uric acid/creatinine ratio was found to be higher in the fourth quartile than in the first quartile, with a high incidence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome components. On the other hand, ROC analysis revealed the serum uric acid/creatinine ratio to be a similar indicator of the metabolic syndrome risk to serum uric acid (AUC, 0.554 vs 0.566). The serum uric acid/creatinine ratio showed lower sensitivity and higher specificity than uric acid. In conclusion, the utility of the serum uric acid/creatinine ratio as an independent indicator to predict the risk of metabolic syndrome is limited, and should be used only as an auxiliary marker.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.67-75
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• 2019

Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is an involuntary leakage of urine from the urethra when intra-abdominal pressure increases, such as from sneezing, coughing, or physical exertion. It is caused by insufficient strength of the pelvic floor and sphincter muscles, resulting from vaginal delivery, obesity, hard physical work, or aging. The pelvic floor electrical stimulator is a conservative treatment generally used to relieve the symptoms of urinary incontinence. it recommended to applied before surgery is performed. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine if the transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TCES) would be effective for the physiological symptoms and psychological satisfaction of women with SUI for an 8-weeks intervention. Methods: Easy-K is a specially designed user-friendly TCES. Five female who were diagnosed with SUI by a gynecologist but who did not require surgical intervention were included in this study. Intervention was implemented over an 8-week period. Outcome measures included vaginal ultrasonography, Levator ani muscle (LAM) contraction strength, incontinence quality of life (I-QOL), and female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaires. Results: The bladder neck position significantly decreased across assessment time. Funneling index and urethral width significantly decreased after 8 weeks of intervention (p<.05). The bladder necksymphyseal distance and posterior rhabdosphincter thickness statistically increased and the anterior rhabdosphincter thickness showed a tendency to increase. All participants demonstrated a significant increase in the LAM contraction score across three assessment times (p<.05). Although the total score of the I-QOL did not show significant improvement, it steadily increased and among I-QOL subscales, only the "avoidance" subscale showed statistical improvements (p<.05). The total score of the FSFI statistically improved and the "desire" score significantly changed (p<.05). Conclusion: The TCES is recommended for women who want to apply conservative treatments before surgery and who have suffered from SUI in aspects of sexual function and quality of life.