• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.23-31
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• 1982

1. The Purpose of this study is (1) to analyze college women's clothing Interest. (2) to find out the relationship between Needs and Clothing Interest Field. 2. Results (1) Clothing Interest of Fashion and Shopping Field was highest in score. (2) The relationship between Needs and Clothing Interest field was as follows. (a) Clothing Interest of Construction correlated significantly with abasement, dominance, and sex atp＜.05, and with achievement, affiliation, and emotionality at p＜.01 level. (b) Clothing Interest of Design & Fashion correlated significantly with achievement, affiliation, aggression, dominance, emotionality, exhibitionism, sex, and autonomy at p＜.01 level. (c) Clothing Interest of Shopping correlated significantly with emotionality at p＜.05, and with affiliation, exhibitionism, sex, aggression, dominance, and achievement at p＜.01 level. (d) Clothing Interest of Management correlated significantly with affiliation, achievement, and emotionality at p＜.01, and with dominance at p＜.05 level. (e) Clothing Interest of Pscho. Aspect. correlated significantly with abasement at p＜.05, and with achievement, affiliation, aggression, dominance, emotionality, exhibitionism, and sex at p＜.01 level.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.599-609
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• 2015

In order to investigate why OSA (oxic-settling-anaerobic) process produces less sludge than CAS (conventional activated sludge) process, sequential cultivation through 1^st aerobic-anaerobic-2^nd aerobic conditions, were carried out. Then, the intracellular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD and NADH), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP and NADPH) were monitored for these three stages. Results showed that the concentrations of these energy substances rapidly decreased through time in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions but the anaerobic culture contained the lower energy level than aerobic culture. The 2^nd aerobic culture that experienced anaerobic condition showed lower concentration of these energy substances than those of the 1^st aerobic culture. Meanwhile, the anaerobic culture corresponding to the sludge holding stage of OSA was subjected to different soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) levels, detention time, and temperature to evaluate the effects of these variations on the energy level difference between the 1^st and 2^nd aerobic stages. The lower the SCOD concentration, the longer detention time; and the higher temperature in the anaerobic stage tended to further reduce the intracellular level of the 2^nd aerobic culture. On the average, the intracellular energy level of the anaerobic and 2^nd aerobic stage were 57.73% and 39.12% of the 1st aerobic culture, respectively. These indicated that the insertion of an anaerobic stage between two aerobic stages could lower the intracellular energy levels, hence the lower the sludge in OSA than CAS process. Moreover, manipulation of the operating conditions of the intervening anaerobic stage can change intracellular energy levels thereby controlling sludge production.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.445-453
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• 2000

The present investigation tested the hypothesis that the activation of protein kinase G (PKG) leads to a phosphorylation of $Ca^{2+}-activated$ potassium channel $(K_{Ca}\;channel)$ and is involved in the activation of $K_{Ca}$ channel activity in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells of the rabbit. Single-channel currents were recorded in cell-attached and inside-out patch configurations of patch-clamp techniques. Both molsidomine derivative 3-morpholinosydnonimine-N-ethylcarbamide $(SIN-1,\;50\;{\mu}M)$ and 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate $(8-pCPT-cGMP,\;100\;{\mu}M),$ a membrane-permeable analogue of cGMP, increased the $K_{Ca}$ channel activity in the cell-attached patch configuration, and the effect was removed upon washout of the drugs. In inside-out patches, single-channel current amplitude was not changed by SIN-1 and 8-pCPT-cGMP. Application of ATP $(100\;{\mu}M),$ cGMP $(100\;{\mu}M),$ ATP+cGMP $(100\;{\mu}M\;each),$ PKG $(5\;U/{\mu}l),$ ATP $(100\;{\mu}M)+PKG\;(5\;U/{\mu}l),$ or cGMP $(100\;{\mu}M)+PKG\;(5\;U/{\mu}l)$ did not increase the channel activity. ATP $(100\;{\mu}M)+cGMP\;(100\;{\mu}M)+PKG\;(5\;U/{\mu}l)$ added directly to the intracellular phase of inside-out patches increased the channel activity with no changes in the conductance. The heat-inactivated PKG had no effect on the channel activity, and the effect of PKG was inhibited by 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, Rp-isomer $(Rp-pCPT-cGMP,\;100\;{\mu}M),$ a potent inhibitor of PKG or protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A, 1 U/ml). In the presence of okadaic acid (OA, 5 nM), PP2A had no effect on the channel activity. The $K_{Ca}$ channel activity spontaneously decayed to the control level upon washout of ATP, cGMP and PKG, and this was prevented by OA (5 nM) in the medium. These results suggest that the PKG-mediated phosphorylations of $K_{Ca}$ channels, or some associated proteins in the membrane patch increase the activity of the $K_{Ca}$ channel, and the activation may be associated with the vasodilating action.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.579-588
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• 2001

In order to investigate the composition and monthly variation of extractive nitrogenous components in the laver Porphyra dentata cultured at the south coast of Korea, the fresh laver was analyzed separately for the amounts of free amino acids, combined amino acids, ATP and its related compounds, and quaternary ammonium basis in fresh laver were measured. The extractive nitrogen contents of fresh laver extracts were 760~870 mg/100g (dry basis). Twenty-seven to thirty-one kinds of free amino acids were detected in the laver extracts and their total amounts were 2,404~3,966 mg/100g (on dry basis). The laver extracts showed rich in free amino acids such as alanine, taurine, glutamic acid, glutamine and aspartic acid. Sixteen to twenty-three kinds of combined amino acids were detected in the extracts and their total amounts were 1,429~2,692 mg/100g (on dry basis). Proline, glutamic acid, glycine, phosphoserine, serine were the amin combined amino acids in the extracts. The amounts of ATP and related compounds were 73.3~94.4 mg/100 g (2.04~4.43 $\mu$mol/g, on dry basis). Homarine and trigonelline were detected in all specimens but $\beta$-alaninebetaine, ${\gamma}$-butyrobetaine were found in some. Small amounts of trimethylamine were detected in all samples. Free and combined amino acids were occupying almost 90% of extractive nitrogen. Most of free and combined amino acids showed a marked monthly variation with a maximum in January and March, and a minimum in February and April. The fresh laver P. dentata did not differ much from the fresh laver P. yezoensis in qualitative com-position of extractive components, but their contents were generally low level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1051-1056
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• 2006

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the quality of clarified mixed apple and carrot juices using ultrafitration. Apple and carrot juices were blended at the ratio of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. A three-variable, three-level central composite design was employed where the independent variables were the blend ratio, temperature and average transmembrane pressure (ATP). With increasing temperature and pressure, flux linearly increased regardless of blending ratio. Blend juice with 75% apple showed the highest soluble sugar and total sugar content in apple and carrot blend juices. Soluble solid contents were more affected by blending ratio than temperature and ATP. Total sugar contents were greatly affected by temperature; increasing temperature led to higher total sugar content up to $25^{\circ}C$. Higher carrot ratio led to higher vitamin C content. In general, higher acidity was achieved by higher apple content and acidity was increased with increasing temperature. Turbidity increased for all samples as APT increased, with the blending ratio of 1:1 (apple:carrot) showing the highest turbidity. Viscosity was greatly changed in the blending ratio of 3:1 (apple:carrot) juice. The polynomial models developed by RSM were satisfactory to describe the relationships between the studied factors and the responses. Analytical optimization gave $flux=0.216\;L/m^2.h$, soluble $solids=10.39^{\circ}Brix$, total sugar=71.32 mg/mL, vitamin C=315.18 mg%, acidity=7.78 mL, turbidity=0.017, and viscosity=1.44 cp, when using a $temperature=44.97^{\circ}C$, ATP=113.57 kPa, and blend ratio=28.50%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 1984

Muscular exercise induced by electrical stimulation of femoral nerves in perfused rat hindquarters(5 contractions per sec) in the presence of insulin and glucose effected a rapid increase(c. a. two-fold) in the level of citric acid cycle intermediates. The highest values were found within one minute of stimulation. The tissue concent ratios of lactate, pyruvate and alanine increased rapidly on initiation of exercese. Release of lactate also increased rapidly, whereas that of pyruvate was only moderately elevated. In the course of three minute exercese, the sum of alanine, glutamate and aspartate was only transiently elevated. A fall in creatine-p and ATP in the stimulated muscle was accompanied by increases in tissue level of AMP and release of ammonia into perfusing medium. However, the changes in glutamine were small. It is concluded that the pool of citric acid cycle intermediates is expanded during muscular work due (a) to an elevated level of pyruvate, leading to shifts in the levels of alanine and cycle intermediates vie trans-amination reactions and (b) to stimulation of the purine nucleotide cycle due to elevated AMP, resulting in generation of cycle intermediates and ammonia at the expense of aspartate.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.649-654
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• 2005

Purpose : The present study examined how changes in cerebral hemodynamics in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion can be evaluated by near infrared sepctroscopy(NIRS). Methods : Seventeen newborn piglets were randomly divided into the following three experimental groups : six in the control group(CG); seven in the bilirubin infusion group(BG), and four in the bilirubin infusion with 7-nitroindazole group(NG). To achieve the concentration of bilirubin above 20 mg/dL, we injected a bolus of 40 mg/kg of bilirubin intravenously, followed by 30 mg/kg/hr of bilirubin continuous intravenous infusion. All groups were monitored with cerebral hemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) and their brain cortexes were harvested and the activities of $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase, level of conjugated dienes, ATP and phosphocreatine(PCr) were determined biochemically. Results : No changes took place in CG. In BG and NG, base excess, pH, and MABP decreased, and lactate level in blood increased. Cerebral $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase activity and ATP, PCr level in BG significantly decreased and conjugated dienes increased compared to CG. These abnormalities observed in the BG were significantly improved in the NG. In continuous NIRS monitoring, [$HbO_2$], [HbT], and [HbD] in BG were significantlly decreased compared to CG. However these abnormalities between NG and CG were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in $ScO_2$ between the study groups. Conclusion : Our study suggests cerebral hemodynamic changes could be monitored by non-invasive NIRS in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

The glutathione (GSH) concentration in leaves of different maturities and roots of forage rape (Brassica napus L.) supplied with four levels of external $SO_4^{2-}$ (0, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) supply were measured. The relationships of GSH concentration with $SO_4^{2-}$ uptake, ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) and O-acteylserine (thiol) lyase (OASTL) activity were also assessed. The $SO_4^{2-}$ uptake increased in parallel with the external $SO_4^{2-}$ supply, while protein concentration was not significantly changed. The ATPS activity increased continuously with decreasing $SO_4^{2-}$ supply from 2.0 to 0 mM, while the OASTL activity decreased significantly only at S-deficient conditions (0 and 0.1 mM). The GSH concentration in the young leaves, middle leaves and roots continuously increased (except for between 1.0 and 2.0 mM in the middle leaves and roots) as the external S supply was increased, but no significant changes occurred in the old leaves. The increased endogenous GSH concentration, affected by the $SO_4^{2-}$ supply level, was significantly related with the decrease in ATPS activity in both leaves and roots, and the decrease in OASTL activity only in leaves..

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2024

In this study, two general X-ray device, CT, and MRI inspection devices were selected from general hospitals in the Daejeon area and an experiment was conducted to predict the level of infection by measuring the surface contamination of the inspection devices at different times and to use it as basic data for infection prevention. As a result, the surface contamination level by time zone for general X-ray devices and MRI examination devices was in the order of 13H > 8H > 16H, and for CT examination devices, it was 13H > 16H > 8H, which appeared to be influenced by the number of tests. In addition, the surface contamination results for each part of the test device showed that the highest ATP contamination value was found on the stand bucky handle for the general X-ray device, the headrest for the CT examination device, and the operation switch for the MRI examination device, which was closely related to the number of contacts. As a result of comparing before and after disinfection, all devices showed a significant decrease after disinfection. Based on the results of the experiment, it is believed that it can be used as basic data to identify the level of contamination in radiology laboratories and prevent infectious diseases.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.501-508
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to get basic data for the cold-waterless transportation of live fish. The optimal cold temperature of plaice, Paralichthy olivaceus was determined by checking the changes of dissolved oxygen and ammonia in the sea water and the survival times during storage at various temperatures. After determination of optimal temperature for transportation, the changes of serum components and muscle components of live plaice were also carried out during storage at cold($5^{\circ}C$)-waterless conditions and the recovery conditions($10\%$ density at $15^{\circ}C$). At higher storage temperature, decreases in dissolved oxygen and the increases in ammonia in seawater were observed. In addition, the survival time was short at low temperature($0^{\circ}C\;and\;3^{\circ}C$). Almost all of the serum components(hemoglobin, glucose, LDH, GOT and GPT) of live plaice gradually increased during storage in cold-waterless conditions, and then those values decreased to the initial levels after $3{\sim}10hrs$ storage in conditions of recovery. The concentration of ATP in the muscle steadily decreased during storage in cold-waterless conditions. The contents of ADP and IMP seemed to be directly related to the extent of ATP breakdown. ADP and IMP thus showed a gradual increase during storage. The level of lactate in the muscles gradually increased during these storage times, also. On the other hand, the levels of those components in the muscle entirely recovered to their original levels within $3{\sim}6hrs$ storage after they were returned to conditions of recovery. The ratio of ATP to the ATP and its related compounds${ATP/(ATP+ADP+AMP+IMP){\times}100}$ in the muscle showed $45\%$ after 18hrs storage in cold-waterless conditions. Otherwise, ratios returned to their original levels within $3{\sim}6hrs$ of storage in recovery conditions.