• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.67-67
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• 2019

Vaccinium oldhamii (V. oldhamii) has been reported to exert a variety of the pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant activity, anti-cancer activity, and inhibitory activity of ${\alpha}$-amylase and acetylcholinesterase. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of V. oldhamii has not been studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of the stem extracts from V. oldhamii, and to elucidate the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among VOS, VOL and VOF, the inhibitory effect of NO and PGE2 production induced by LPS was highest in VOS treatment. Thus, VOS was selected for the further study. VOS dose-dependently blocked LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression, respectively. VOS inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. In addition, VOS suppressed TRAP activity and attenuated the expression of the osteoclast-specific genes such as NFATc1, c-FOS, TRAP, MMP-9, cathepsin K, CA2, OSCAR and ATPv06d2. VOS inhibited LPS-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling activation through blocking $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation and p65 nuclear accumulation. VOS inhibited MAPK signaling activation by attenuating the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Furthermore, VOS inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and blocked ATF2 nuclear accumulation. From these findings, VOS has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.281-284
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• 2012

This study demonstrated that upregulation of gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress chaperones (Bip, ERp29, calnexin, and PDI), ER stress sensors (PERK, ATF6, and Ire1), and cAMP phosphodiesterase 7A1 (cAMP PDE7A1) was induced by ER stresses in FRTL5 cells. While removing A23187 from the culture medium restored upregulation of cAMP PDE7A1 gene expression, removal of thapsigargin did not recover its expression. In addition, cAMP PDE7A1 gene expression was strongly inhibited by treatment with A23187 combined with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The results are the first to show that ER stress induces cAMP PDE7A1 gene expression.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.442-447
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• 2010

We investigated anti-cancer and anti-proliferative activity of allicin and analyzed global gene expression changes by allicin treatment in human colorectal HCT116 cells. As a result, allicin decreased cell viabilities in a dose and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis. Oligo DNA microarray analysis, we found that 7,840 genes were up-regulated more than 2-folds, whereas 10,010 genes were down-regulated more than 2-folds by $50\;{\mu}M$ allicin treatment. To confirm specific gene expressions, we performed RT-PCR. Consistent with the results of DNA microarray analysis, allicin dramatically induced ATF3 and NAG1 gene expression. Interestingly, NAG-1 protein expression was dependent on p53 presence. Taken together, our present results increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanism of anti-cancer and anti-proliferative activity mediated by allciin in human colorectal cancer cell.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.473-480
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• 2015

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the eukaryotic cells is the first compartment in the secretory pathway. Almost secretory proteins and membrane proteins are secreted through the ER, in which post-translational modifications occur via diverse signals from the ER lumen to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Only then are correctly-folded proteins secreted to the outside cells. Unfolded proteins that accumulate in the ER cause a kind of intracellular stress, ER stress, and activate an unfolded protein response (UPR) system. The 3 major transducers of the UPR are inositol requiring 1 (IRE1), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), all of which are ER transmembrane proteins. Recently, novel types of a new ATF6 family have been identified. Those commonly have an ER-transmembrane domain, a transcription-activation domain and a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain―Luman, OASIS, BBF2H7, CREBH and CREB4. Each factor functions by regulating the UPR in specific organs and tissues. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of OASIS family members are unknown, in this study we comprehensively introduce these molecular signals.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2017

Background: Ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) is one of the major protopanaxadiol-type saponins isolated from Panax ginseng, a well-known medicinal herb with many beneficial properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, and antidiabetic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of G-Rc on inflammatory responses in vitro and examined the mechanisms of these effects. Methods: The in vitro inflammation system used lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}/interferon-{\gamma}-treated$ synovial cells, and HEK293 cells transfected with various inducers of inflammation. Results: G-Rc significantly inhibited the expression of macrophage-derived cytokines, such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ and $interleukin-1{\beta}$. G-Rc also markedly suppressed the activation of TANK-binding kinase $1/I{\kappa}B$ kinase ${\varepsilon}/interferon$ regulatory factor-3 and p38/ATF-2 signaling in activated RAW264.7 macrophages, human synovial cells, and HEK293 cells. Conclusion: G-Rc exerts its anti-inflammatory actions by suppressing TANK-binding kinase $1/I{\kappa}B$ kinase ${\varepsilon}/interferon$ regulatory factor-3 and p38/ATF-2 signaling.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.7
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• pp.2578-2590
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• 2023

In this work, a 24-month two-batch fuel management strategy for the APR1400 using LEU + has been investigated, where enrichments of 5.9 and 5.2 w/o are utilized in lieu of the conventional 4-5 w/o UO₂ fuel. In addition, an Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) clad based on the swaging technology is applied to APR1400 fuel assemblies. In this special ATF clad design, both outer and inner SS316 layers protect the conventional zircaloy clad. Erbia (Er₂O₃) is introduced as a burnable absorber with two-fold goals to lower the critical boron concentration in the long-cycle LEU + loaded core as well as to handle the LEU + fuel in the existing front-end fuel facilities without renewing the license. Two types of fuel assemblies with different loading of gadolinia (Gd₂O₃) are considered to control both the reactivity and the core radial power distribution. The erbia burnable absorber is uniformly admixed with UO₂ in all fuel pins except for the gadolinia-bearing ones. In this study, two core designs were devised with different erbia loading, and core performance and safety parameters were evaluated for each case in comparison with a core design without any burnable absorbers. The core analysis was done using the two-step method. First, cross-sections are generated by the SERPENT 2 Monte Carlo code, and the 3-D neutronic analysis is performed with an in-house multi-physics nodal code KANT.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.401-410
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• 2014

This paper presents a high-efficiency concurrent dual-band Class-E power amplifier(PA) that is based on a multi-harmonic matching network(MHMN). The proposed MHMN controls the impedance at 1.3 GHz, 2.1 GHz, and their second and third harmonics, respectively, by using transmission lines only rather than switches or lumped components. The dual-band Class-E PA is implemented using Avago ATF-50189 GaAs p-HEMT. The PA exhibits a measured output power of 27.1 dBm and 25.7 dBm, a power gain of 6.1 dB and 4.7 dB, and a drain efficiency of 71.2 % and 60.1 % at 1.3 GHz and 2.1 GHz, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

Stress coping mechanisms are critical to minimize or overcome damage caused by ever changing environmental conditions. They are designed to promote cell survival. The unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway is mobilized in response to the accumulation of unfolded proteins, ultimately in order to regain endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Various elements of coping responses to ER stress including Perk, Ask1, Bip, Chop, Gadd34, Ire1, Atf4, Atf6, and Xbp1 have been identified and were found to be inducible in oocytes and preimplantation embryos, suggesting that, as a normal part of the cellular adaptive mechanism, these coping responses, including the UPR, play a pivotal role in the development of preimplantation embryos. As such, the UPR-associated molecules and pathways may become useful markers for the potential diagnosis of stress conditions for preimplantation embryos. After implantation, ER stress-induced coping responses become physiologically important for a normal decidual response, placentation, and early organogenesis. Attenuation of ER stress coping responses by tauroursodeoxycholate and salubrinal was effective for prevention of cell death of cultured embryos. Further elucidation of new and relevant ER stress coping responses in periimplantation embryos might contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of normal development of embryonic development and potentiation of embryonic development in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2018

Hibiscus syriacus (H. syriacus) as the national flower of Korea has been used as the herbal medicine in Asia. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of 70% ethanol extracts from the root of Hibiscus syriacus (RHS-E70) and elucidated the potential signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. RHS-E70 dose-dependently suppressed NO production by inhibiting iNOS and IL-${\beta}$ expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. RHS-E70 inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$, which contributed to the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Furthermore, RHS-E70 suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, which results in the inhibition of ATF2 phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear accumulation. These results indicate that RHS-E70 may exert anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPK/ATF2 signaling. From these findings, RHS-E70 has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.239-246
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• 2007

Expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) genes were examined during the neuronal differentiation of rat fetal cortical precursor cells (rCPC) and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. When rCPC were differentiated into neuronal cells for 7 days, early stem cell marker, nest in, expression was decreased from day 4, and neuronal markers such as neurofilament-L, -M and Tuj1 were increased after day 4. In this condition, expressions of BIP, ATF6, and phosphorylated PERK as well as their down stream signaling molecules such as CHOP, ATF4, XBP1, GADD34, Nrf2 and $p58^{IPK}$ were significantly increased, suggesting the induction of ERSR during neuronal differentiation of rCPC. ERSR was also induced during the differentiation of PC12 cells for 9 days with NGF. Neurofilament-L transcript was time-dependently increased. Both mRNA and protein levels of Tuj1 were increased after the induction, and the significant increase in NeuN was observed at day 9. Similar to the expression patterns of neuronal markers, BIP/GRP78 and CHOP mRNAs were highly increased at day 9, and ATF4 mRNA was also increased from day 7. These results strongly suggest the induction and possible role of ERSR in neuronal differentiation process. Further study to identify targets responsible for neuronal induction will be necessary.