• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2004

Schwann cell, one of important components of peripheral nervous system, interact with neurons to mutually support the growth and replication of embryonal nerves and to maintain the different functions of adult nerves. The Ara-C, known as an antimitotic agent, have been used to have high effectiveness in eliminating fibroblasts during Schwann cell culture period. This enrichment effect is also known to be cummulative with each successive pulse of Ara-C applied and is due to a progressive loss of fibroblasts. But the cytotoxicity by Ara-C is also cummulative and noticeable over the period. To determine the most effective application time and interval of Ara-C in the Schwann cell culture, we observed the Schwann cell purity and density with the Ara-C treatment in plain and three-dimensional culture from dorsal root ganglion of new born rat. By culturing dispersed dorsal root ganglia, we can repeatedly generate homogenous Schwann cells, and cellular morphology and cell count with mean percentages were evaluated in the plain culture dishes and in the immunostainings of S-100 and GFAP in the three-dimensional culture. The Ara-C treated cultures showed a higher Schwann cell percentage ($31.0%{\pm}8.09%$ in P4 group to $65.5%{\pm}24.08%$ in P2 group), compared with that obtained in the abscence of Ara-C ($17.6%{\pm}6.03%$) in the plain culture after 2 weeks. And in the three-dimensional culture, S-100 positive cells increased to $56.22%{\pm}0.67%$ and GFAP positive cells to $66.46%{\pm}1.83%$ in G2 group (p<0.05), higher yield than other groups with Ara-C application. Therefore, we concluded that the Ara-C treatment is effective for the proliferation of Schwann cells contrast to the fibroblasts in vitro culture, and the first application after 24 hours from cell harvesting and subsequent 2 pulse treatment (P2 group in plain culture and G2 group in three-dimensional culture) was more effective than other application protocols.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.443-449
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• 1988

The effects of rice-straw annual application on nitrogen fixing microbial flora in the soil of paddy fields and their biological activities were investigated. Experiments were performed in both NPK fertilizer applied soil and rice-straw applied soil of Agricultural Station in Aomori-ken, Japan. The following results were obtained. 1. The ARA by phototrophs was significantly increased in both soil plots. From the soil plot in which 300ppm-nitrogen was applied, the increase of ARA began to be seen from three weeks later. On the other hand, 33ppm-nitrogen applied soil plot and non-nitrogen applied soil plot showed the ARA increase from the beginning. The amount of ARA by non-phototrophs was only one-tenth of that by phototrophs. 2. For the first three weeks, the phototrophic bacteria (mainly Rhodopseudomonas) were predominant in both soil plots. Since then, as the ARA rapidly increased, the proliferation of blue-green algae forming heterocysts was remarkably promoted. Such effects were more distinct in the rice-straw annually applied soil plot than in the NPK fertilizer annually applied soil plot. 3. The degree of proliferation of blue-green algae depended on the amount of applied nitrogen. While Anabaena, Nostoc and Cylindrospermum were largely proliferated in the non-nitrogen applied soil plot, Cylindrospermum and Calothrix were in the 33ppm-nitrogen applied soil plot, but Calothrix tended to predominated in the 100ppm-nitrogen applied soil plot.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2006

Schwann cell, one of important components of peripheral nervous system, interact with neurons to mutually support the growth and replication of embryonal nerves and to maintain the different functions of adult nerves. The Ara-C, known as an antimitotic agent, have been used to have high effectiveness in eliminating fibroblasts during Schwann cell culture period. This enrichment effect is also known to be cummulative with each successive pulse of Ara-C applied and is due to a progressive loss of fibroblasts. But the cytotoxicity by Ara-C is also cummulative and noticeable over the period. To determine the most effective application time and interval of Ara-C in the Schwann cell culture, we observed the Schwann cell purity and density with the Ara-C treatment in plain and three-dimensional culture from dorsal root ganglion of new born rat. By culturing dispersed dorsal root ganglia, we can repeatedly generate homogenous Schwann cells, and cellular morphology and cell count with mean percentages were evaluated in the plain culture dishes and in the immunostainings of S-100 and GFAP in the three-dimensional culture. The Ara-C treated cultures showed a higher Schwann cell percentage (31.0%${\pm}$8.09% in P4 group to 65.5%${\pm}$24.08% in P2 group), compared with that obtained in the abscence of Ara-C (17.6%${\pm}$6.03%) in the plain culture after 2 weeks. And in the three-dimensional culture, S-100 positive cells increased to 56.22%${\pm}$0.67% and GFAP positive cells to 66.46%${\pm}$1.83% in G2 group (p<0.05), higher yield than other groups with Ara-C application. Therefore, we concluded that the Ara-C treatment is effective for the proliferation of Schwann cells contrast to the fibroblasts in vitro culture, and the first application after 24 hours from cell harvesting and subsequent 2 pulse treatment (P2 group in plain culture and G2 group in three-dimensional culture) was more effective than other application protocols.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.169-169
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• 1994

항암 및 면역조절작용을 가지고 있으며 그 자체가 서방성 prodrug으로서 약효를 나타낼것으로 기대되는 ara-C와 etherphospholipid의 conjugate인 ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na, ara-CDP-DL-PBA.2Na, 및 ara-CDP-DL-PMA.2Na 3종의 BR-8702-2의 micellar soultion을 투여시료로 하여 제암력 평가를 실시하였다. DBA/2J 마우스(평균 체중 25g, 수컷)에 L$_{1210}$임파성 백혈병 세포를 이식한 후, 24시간 후 약물을 복강내에 투여하는 실험계 에서 400mg/kg/day, 단회투여 및 80 혹은 100mg/kg/day, 1~5일간 투여로 ILS%값이 229~543으로 우수한 제암력을 보였다. 또한 BDF$_1$ mice(15~20g)의 axillary region에 3㎣의 Lewis Lung Tumor를 피하로 이식한후 약물투여를 통한 제암효과를 관찰하였다. 100, 200, 300mg/kg/day의 단회 투여계 에서는 수명연장 효과가 없었다. 한편, 20, 40, 60mg/kg/day, 1~5일간의 투여계 에서는 ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na만이 효과가 있었는데 농도에 역순하여 저농도인 20mg/kg/day, 1~5일간의 투여계에서 가장 효과가 있었으며 그때의 ILS%는 32.3%였고 투여기간중의 체중변화는 거의 보이지 않았다. 한편 NICOM 370 Dynamic Light Scattering을 이용하여 투여시료로한 micellar solution의 입자도를 분석한 결과 ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na는 4.2nm size의 것이 99.48%를 차지하고 있었다. ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na의 ICR 마우스를 이용한 급성독성 시험에 있어서 경구투여에서의 LD$_{50}$값은 암,수컷 모두 5000mg/kg이상 이었고, 정맥내 투여 에서는 432mg/kg이었다. 실험과정중 생존동물의 일반적 이상소견등은 없었으나 정맥내 투여의 경우에서 체중증가 억제현상이 있었다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of BR-28702-2, a new antineoplastic agent which is the conjugate of nucleotide and phospholipid, and to compare them with those of ara-C. Male rats were cannulated in the left femoral vein and received a single i.v. bolus dose of either BR-28702-2 or ara-C. BR-28702-2 was also administered i.p. and plasma samples were analyzed by reversedphase HPLC. The t$_{1}$2($\beta$)/ of ara-C(1.22 hr.) was significantly smaller than that of BR-28702-2(4.420 hr.). The absolute bioavailability of BR-28702-2 after i.p. injection was 1.125%. This lower bioavailability, together with previous reports that marked antineoplastic activity was observed when given i.p., indicates that BR-28702-2 would act as a depot system to release active moieties. Further works, therefore, need to be done to characterize active metabolites.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.201-201
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• 1994

항암 및 면역조절작용을 가지고 있으며 그자체가 서방성 prodrug으로서 약효를 나타낼것으로 기대되는 ara-C와 etherphospholipid의 conjugate인 ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na의 실험동물(rat)에서의 체내동태를 HPLC 정량법으로 시행 하였다. Ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na의 정맥내 투여(20mg/300g)의 경우 혈장중 반감기는 분포상에 있어서는 평균 20min, 소실상 에서는 4.42hr이었다. 분포 용적은 0.1635Lㆍkg$^{-1}$이었고, 전신 clearance 는 25.63ml.$hr^{-1}$.kg$^{-1}$이었다. 한편 AUC는 2601$\mu\textrm{g}$.hr.ml$^{-1}$이었다. 복강내 주사(1g/kg)의 경우 소실상의 반감기는 3.28hr, AUC는 439.3$\mu\textrm{g}$.hr.ml$^{-1}$이었다. 최고 혈중농도 도달시간은 4.4hr이었으며 그때의 농도는 33.19$\mu\textrm{g}$.ml$^{-1}$이었다. 한편 흡수속도 정수는 0.2493$hr^{-1}$이었다. 정맥내 투여에 대한 복강내 투여의 생체 이용율은 1.1252%로 복강내 투여시 흡수율이 좋지 않음을 시사하고 있다. 이는 투여 시료인 micellar solution이 일종의 약물저장 형태로 작용하여 활성물질을 서서히 방출 하기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 한편 예비적 대사연구결과 TLC에서 뇨나 담즙으로 배설되는 유의한 농도수준의 ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na가 없는 것으로 평가되었다. 이는 생체내에서 enzyme등에 의한 대사과정을 거치는 것으로 사료되는바 방사성 동위원소 표지화합물을 이용한 충분한 대사연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2021

In this study, to evaluate the characteristics of the pollution in the major inflow tributaries and major environmental facilities in the watershed of Ara waterway, An inflow flow rate measurement and water quality analysis were conducted during dry and rainy seasons. In addition, the flow rate measurement, water quality analysis, and pollutant load at each monitoring point were compared and evaluated. Influx of BOD5, T-P and T-N into the tributaries of the ARA waterway watershed, excluding the Gulpo river watershed, during dry season were only 0.007%, 0.005% and 0.004% respectively of the incoming loads in the entire ARA waterway basin. In addition, it was confirmed that the discharge pollutant loads during rainfall event was about 440 times more for BOD5, about 545 times on T-P, and about 23 times on T-N in comparison to the pollutant loads during the dry days. When the Gulhyeon rubber dam was deflated, the discharged pollutant load during a rainfall was higher than the estimated load at the G7 monitoring point because the deposited pollutants from the upstream riverbed flowed down. Therefore, during a rainy season, it is necessary to manage the influx of high-load water pollutants from the overflow and deflation of the Gulhyun rubber dam as well as to find a strategy to reduce the pollutant loads in the Gulpo river watershed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2002

In order to determine the effect of the DNA repair inhibitors, cytosine arabinoside(Ara C)and 3-aminobenzamide(3AB) on the frequenceis of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei induced by radiation. After in vitro exposure of human lymphocytes to x-ray(1-3Gy) DNA repair inhibitors, Ara C and 3AB were treated and the frequencies of micronuclei, translocation and dicentric chromosomes were analysed using FISH technique with DNA probe for chromosome 4.(omitted)

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.61.1-61.1
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• 2019

We report about the constellations discovered in Ara-Gaya Malisan tomb 13 of late 5th century. In December 2018, constellation-shaped grooves were newly found on the ceiling of the tomb 13 of the Ara-Gaya (42-532 CE.) polity in Haman(咸安). The tomb 13 is located at the top/center of the Malisan and is one of the largest burial mounds. Grooves were found in one of the slabs of the grave cover-stone (160 ∗ 80~60cm). The total number of grooves are 134 and each groove has a diameter of 1.5~4.0 cm. The grooves were made by pecking or grinding. From the preliminary study, we identified these grooves with traditional constellations such as 房, 心, 尾, 箕, 斗, which correspond to Scorpius and Sagittarius of modern constellations near the Milky Way. It shows that advanced astronomy also existed in Ara-Gaya tomb while star charts were painted in Goguryeo tombs. This carries great importance in studying the development and exchange of astronomy in the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

Arabinoxylan (Ara) rice bran has been shown to be a potent biological response modifier as manifested by stimulation of different arms of the immune system. We examined the effects of Ara rice bran and exercise on the immune function and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rats. As the results, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ as representative inflammatory cytokines showed a significantly lower in Ara supplement group, thus the Ara rice bran had a higher inhibitory activity than the both exercise and control group. However, 4 weeks of exercise training significantly increased inflammatory reactions rather than treatment with Ara in LPS-treated rats. The Ara rice bran acted to decrease the inflammatory reaction. These results suggest that the supplement of Ara rice bran is likely contribute to inflammation response and the Ara rice bran can be used as a possible safe alternative to the immunotherapeutic modalities.