• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.51-69
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• 2011

Security has been considered one of the most critical issues for managing IT resources in many organizations. Despite a growing interest and extensive research on security at various levels, little research has focused on the comparison of security knowledge levels between different cultures. The current study investigates and compares the security knowledge level between Korea and the U.S. Based on the literature review of spyware, Hofstede's cultural dimensions, and security knowledge, this study identifies three constructs (i.e., security familiarity, spyware awareness, and spyware knowledge) to examine the difference of security knowledge levels between Korea and the U.S. Six hundred ninety-six respondents from Korea and the U.S. participated in the survey, and an in-depth analysis based on analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was carried out. The results show that the levels of security familiarity, spyware awareness, and spyware knowledge are significantly lower in Korea than in the U.S., as expected. These findings present a significant association between national culture and security knowledge, and the degree of individualism (or collectivism) plays an especially critical role in the perception of security. A number of implications for academia and practitioners emerge. Limitations and future research directions are discussed in the conclusion.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify main effect of gender and expenditure, and interaction effect of gender by expenditure on satisfaction with foodservices of western restaurants. Accordingly, this study surveyed questionnaires concerning 20 measures of foodservice as well as major subject descriptors. The result of this study was as follows: KMO and Bartlett's test statistics showed that the data well fitted a factor analysis. Results of the factor analysis, average variance extracted estimates, and shared variance showed that the convergent and discriminant validities of 5 factors were supported, and Cronbach's alpha also showed that the internal consistencies of 5 factors were supported. But there was an interaction effect between independent variables and covariate on service quality factor. This study, therefore, used food decor factor, facility factor, food quality factor, and food value factor as dependent variables in two way 3$\times$2 design factorial ANCOVA. It was found that there were no main effects of gender and expenditure on those four factors. It was however revealed that there was an interaction effect of gender by expenditure on food decor factor.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2015

Background and Purpose: The association between the low emotional regulation and the brain structural change of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been proposed, but the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies on female MDD are rare. The purpose of the present study was to show the regional volume changes of gray matter (GM) in female patients with MDD by optimized VBM. Methods: To control subjects homogeneity, twenty female MDD patients and age, sex matched 21 normal controls were included for the VBM analysis. To identify the change of regional gray matter volume (GMV), the optimized VBM was performed with T1 MRIs. The amounts of gray/white matter and intracranial cavity volumes (ICV) were measured. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and partial correlation analyses covariate with age and ICV were applied for VBM. Results: The age and ICV distributions were similar between the two groups. In the ANCOVA, the total GMV of MDD was smaller than that of normal controls. In the VBM, regional GMV was relatively decreased in the limbic system (amygdalae, ambient gyri, hippocampi heads, subiculum, posterior parahippocampal gyri, pulvinar nuclei, dorsal posterior cingulate gyri, and left pregenual cingulate gyrus). The lingual gyri, short insular gyri, right fusiform gyrus, and right inferior frontal gyrus were also showed decreased regional GMV. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the female MDD is mainly associated with the structural deficits of the limbic system and limbic system related cortices, which were known to the center of emotions.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of This pre-post quasi-experimental study was designed to analyze the effects of school based smoking prevention education on knowledge and attitude toward smoking of middle school students. Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires from 320 students of the control group and 244 students of the experimental group in Korea, from June 2 to July 16, 2003. The reliabilities of instruments were adequate (Cronbach's alpha=.75-.92). Data were analyzed by t-test, $x^2-test$ and ANCOVA using SAS V8 program. Results: The results were as follows; 1. The ANCOVA models of the knowledge and attitude toward smoking were very significant to explain about education effects. 2. After the smoking prevention education, the smoking knowledge and attitude of the experimental group was significantly improved, whereas those of control group didn't change significantly. Conclusion: Smoking prevention education for middle school students increased their level of smoking knowledge and attitude. Therefore, it is necessary to give and develop a more effective program which is suitable to the subjects's needs and grades. Furthermore more various teaching methods such as VTR. lectures, role play and long term education program are need to be developed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.632-643
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• 2004

Background: The Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK) solution has been shown to provide the excellent myocardial protection as a cardioplegia. The HTK solution has relatively low potassium as an arresting agent of myocardium, and low sodium content, and high. concentration of histidine biological buffer which confer a buffering capacity superior to that of blood.. Since HTK solution has an excellent myocardial protective ability, it is reported to protect myocardium from ischemia for a considerable time (120 minutes) with the single infusion of HTK solution as a cardioplegia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of HTK solution on myocardium when the ischemia is. exceeding 120 minutes at two different temperature (10 to 12$^{\circ}C$, 22 to 24$^{\circ}C$) using the Langendorff apparatus, Material and Method: Hearts from Sprague-Dawley rat, weighing 300 to 340 g, were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution at a perfusion pressure of 100 cm $H_2O$. After the stabilization, the heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and coronary flow were measured. Single dose of HTK solution was infused into the ascending aorta of isolated rat heart and hearts were preserved at four different conditions. In group 1 (n=10), hearts were preserved at deep hypothermia (10∼12$^{\circ}C$) for 2 hours, in group 2 (n=10), hearts were preserved at moderate hypothermia (22∼24$^{\circ}C$) for 2 hours, in group 3 (n=10), hearts were preserved at deep hypothermia for 3 hours, and in group 4 (n=10), hearts were preserved at moderate hypothermia for 3 hours. After the completion of the preservation, the heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure, and coronary flow were measured at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes after the initiation of reperfusion to assess the cardiac function. Biopsies were also done and mitochondrial scores were counted in two cases of each group for ultrastructural assessment. Result: The present study showed that the change of heart rate was not different between group 1 and group 2, and group 1 and group 3. The heart rate was significantly decreased at 15 minutes in group 4 compared to that of group 1 (p<0.05 by ANCOVA). The heart rate was recovered at 30 minutes and 45 minutes in group 4 with no significant difference compared to that of group 1. The decrease of LVDP was significant at 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 45 minutes in group 4 compared to that of group 1 (p < 0.001 by ANCOVA). Coronary flow was significantly decreased at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes in group 4 compared to that of group 1 (p < 0.001 by ANCOVA). In ultrastructural assessment, the mean myocardial mitochondrial scores in group 1, group 2, group 3, and group 4 were 1.02$\pm$0.29, 1.52$\pm$0.26, 1.56$\pm$0.45, 2.22$\pm$0.44 respectively. Conclusion: The HTK solution provided excellent myocardial protection regardless of myocardial temperature for 2 hours. But, when ischemic time exceeded 2 hours, the myocardial hemodynamic function and ultrastructural changes were significantly deteriorated at moderate hypotherma (22∼ 24$^{\circ}C$). This indicates that it is recommended to decrease myocardial temperature when myocardial ischemic time exceeds 2 hours with single infusion of HTK solution as a cardioplegia.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.193-206
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the consistent presentation of illustrations about the aligning direction of the Axis on the middle school students' acquisition and retention of astronomical concepts. This study was taken using the nonequivalent control-group pretest-posttest design on 116 7th middle school subjects. The same teaching and learning activities were given to both the experimental (n=59) and control groups (n=57) through three lessons. The experimental group was given a consistent presentation of the illustrations about the aligning direction of the Axis, while the control group was given an inconsistent presentation of the same illustrations about aligning direction. Two days after the three lessons, the 1st posttest was administered to compare the statistical difference of mean of both groups, using ANCOVA test. The result of ANCOVA test implicated that the consistent presentation of the illustrations about the aligning direction of the Axis had a positive influence on the experimental group's acquisition of the concepts. The 2nd posttest result for retention effect was given two month later by one-paired t-Test in each group and showed that the method had a positive effect on the experimental group, compared with control group. The results of this study implicated that paying careful attention to using the consistent illustration is highly beneficial for students' meaningful learning on astronomical concepts.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

Objectives Non-major depression with fewer symptoms than required for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has consistently been found to be associated with functional impairment. In this study, we aim to estimate the cognitive impairment and the quality of life in elderly patients with subsyndromal depression (SSD) compared with non-depressive elderly (NDE). Methods The Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was administered to 194 outpatients with depression and 108 normal controls. SSD is defined as having five or more current depressive symptoms with core depressive symptoms (depressive mood or loss of interest or pleasure) during more than half a day and more than seven days over two weeks. Depression was evaluated by the Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale of a 15-item short version. Global cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version of CERAD assessment packet (MMSE-KC). Subjective cognitive impairment was assessed by the Subjective Memory Complaint Questionnaire. Quality of life was evaluated by the Korean Version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey. Results The mean score of the MMSE-KC in the SSD group was lower than that in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education [F = 4.270, p = 0.04, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)]. If we defined those having Z-score of MMSE-KC < -1.5 as a high risk group of cognitive impairment, the odds ratio for the high risk group of cognitive impairment was 1.86 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.04-3.34] in SSD and 7.57 (95% CI 3.50-16.40) in MDD compared to NDE. The scores of physical component summary (F = 9.274, p = 0.003, ANCOVA) and mental component summary (F = 53.166, p < 0.001, ANCOVA) in the SSD group were lower than those in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education. Conclusions The subjects with SSD, as well as those with MDD, showed impairment of global cognition and also experienced low quality of life in both physical and mental aspects, compared to the NDE group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 1993

This study was a clinical Quasi-experiment to examine the effects of the range of motion exercise on powerlessness and life satisfaction among the E-Institutionalized elderly in Pusan. The purpose was to test the effect of the range of motion exercises on powerlessness and life satis-faction, and to examine the correlation between powerlessness and life satisfaction. The subjects for this study were 54 elderly people, both were over 60 and residing at I-Institution in Pusan. The research samples of 54 elderly were divided into an experimental and control group by matching randomized assignment. The instruments for this study were the Assessment Tool of Powerlessness in the elderly developed by Miller, Life satisfaction developed by Yoon Jin, and the Active-Passive Range of Motion Exercise Program which was developed and utilized by Shin, Jae-Shin. The data were collected from December 15, 1990 to November 1991. The paired t-test, t-test and ANCOVA were used to test hypothesis I and II, related to the Effect of the Range of Motion Exercises to powerlessness and life satisfaction. To identify the relationship of the range of motion exercises to powerlessness and life satisfaction, path analysis was done through multiple regression. The interrelationship of the variables was analyzed using t-test paired t-test. The results of the three hypothesis can be summarized as follows : 1. Hypothesis I -the experimental group which participated in the Range of Motion Exercise gets lower powerlessness score than that of the control group-was accepted by t-test (t = -3.40, p = .001) but not accepted by ANCOVA (F = .1, p =.96). 2. Hypothesis II - the experimental group which participated in the Range of Motion Exercise gets a higher Life Satisfaction Score than that of the control group-was not supported by t-test(t = 1.01, p = .316) but was accepted by ANCOVA (F = 4.39, p = .006). 3. Hypothesis III - if the powerlessness Score becomes higher, the Life Satisfaction Score will be-come lower - was accepted by Pearson Correlation Coefficient (pre-exercise : r : -.34, p=.006), (post exercise : r = -.06, p=.32) . The relation-ship between the score of powerlessness and life satisfaction was negatively correlated. The results obtained clearly showed that the effects of the range of motion exercises on powerlessness and life satisfaction are beneficial to the elderly The relation between the scores of powerlessness and life satisfaction was negatively correlated and the range of motion exercise had a direct influence to powerlessness. Therefore, it is concluded that the relationship between powerlessness and life satis-faction was not a causal one. Also it is concluded that the range of motion exercises can be applied as a nursing intervention to reduce powerlessness and to improve life satisfaction in the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.427-436
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• 2017

A fixed-precision-level sampling plan was developed to establish control of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in two strawberry greenhouses (conventional plot, natural enemy plot). T. urticae was sampled by taking a three-leaflet leaf (1 stalk) from each plant (3 three-leaflet leaves) from each sampling position. Each leaflet was divided into three different units (1-leaflet, 2-leaflet, and 3-leaflet units) to compare relative net precision (RNP) values for selection of the appropriate sampling unit. The relative net precision values indicated that a 1-leaflet unit was more precise and cost-efficient than other units. The spatial distribution analysis was performed using Taylor's power law (TPL). Homogeneity of the TPL parameters in each greenhouse was evaluated by using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). A fixed-precision-level sequential sampling plan was developed using the parameters of TPL generated from the combined data of the conventional plot and natural enemy plot in a 1-leaflet sampling unit. Sequential classification sampling plans were also developed using the action threshold of 3 and 10 mites for pooled data. Using the results obtained in the independent data, simulated validation of the developed sampling plan by Resampling validation for sampling plan (RVSP) indicated a reasonable level of precision.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.187-192
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• 2005

For the problem of variable selection in linear models, we consider the errors are correlated with V covariance matrix. Hocking's theorems on the effects of the overfitting and the undefitting in linear model are extended to the less than full rank and correlated error model, and to the ANCOVA model