• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.39.1-39.6
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• 2021

The classification of the bone pieces excavated from Gasan-ri archaeological site 1 in Jinju, presumed to be relics was investigated macroscopically. The remains of the animal bone were 3 classes (Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia), 5 orders (Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Galliformer, Rodentia, Salientia), and 6 species (Sus scrofa, Cervidae sp., Nyctereutes procyonides, Phasianidae, Rattus norvegicus caraco, Rana nigromaculata). The total weight of the animal bone remains was 1,002.80 g, with the identified bones comprising 975.30 g and an identification rate of 97.26%. A total of 447 animal bone fragments were identified, including 204 bone pieces of S. scrofa (468.00 g, 47.99%), 102 bone pieces of Cervidae sp. (453.79 g, 46.53%), 68 bone pieces of R. nigromaculata (4.69 g, 0.48%), 59 bone pieces of N. procyonides (47.14 g, 4.83%), 9 bone pieces of Phasianidae (0.98 g, 0.10%), and 5 bone pieces of Rattus norvegicus caraco (0.70 g, 0.07%). The bone pieces of the animal relics consisted of 81 skull (18.12%), 161 axial skeleton (36.02%), 64 forelimb (14.32%), and 141 hindlimb (31.54%) fragments. The archaeological significance of the animal bones excavated in this investigation was that wild boars and deer were presumed to have been mainly used animals in the Gasan-ri area of Jinju during the Three Kingdoms period.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.62.1-62.10
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• 2022

Background: The corneal and limbal morphology relevant to corneal epithelial maintenance in ten different species was examined using histological methods. Objectives: The presence of a Bowman's layer, limbal epithelial cell, and superficial stromal morphology was examined in the following species to evaluate the differences in corneal thickness and epithelium: Java sparrows, frogs, macaws, spoonbills, red pandas, penguins, horses, Dobermans, orangutans, and humans. Methods: Corneal sections (4 ㎛) were obtained from ten ocular globes from three different animal classes: Aves, Amphibia, and Mammalia. All sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff reaction. After microscopy, all stained slides were photographed and analyzed. Results: Significant morphological differences in the corneal and limbal epithelia and their underlying stroma between species were observed. The number of corneal epithelial cell layers and the overall corneal epithelial thickness varied significantly among the species. The presence of a Bowman's layer was only observed in primates (orangutans and humans). Presumed supranuclear melanin caps were noted in four species (orangutans, macaws, red pandas, and horses) in the limbal basal epithelial layer (putative site of corneal epithelial stem cells). The melanin granules covered the apex of the cell nucleus. Conclusions: Supranuclear melanin capping has been described as a process within the epidermis to reduce the concentration of ultraviolet-induced DNA photoproducts. Similarly, there may be a relationship between limbal stem cell melanin capping as a protective mechanism against ultra-violet radiation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2023

The present study has monitored the changes in the biodiversity of Dunchon-Dong ecological and landscape conservation area after the restoration of the wetland, identified and analyzed the threats to the ecosystem, and presented a management plan accordingly. In this area which was forests and rice paddies in the past, apartment reconstruction is currently underway, with some hinterland forests and wetlands remaining. When we look into the change in the floras, the total number of species was 193 in 2000 before the restoration, it decreased from 2004 to 2006, and as of 2019, it was 149, showing an increasing trend. The result of comparing the species that emerged before and after the restoration showed an increase in Cyperaceae herbs such as Carex maximowiczii and Carex dispalata growing in wetland areas within forests and Schoenoplectiella juncoides and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani growing in areas within wetlands where shallow water is maintained. As a result of analyzing the change in the area ratio of each type of extant vegetation, the wetland native herbs formed the power at the highest ratio after the restoration. The change in the power of the wetland native herbs was on an increasing trend until 2007, after which it decreased much in 2010 and then gradually increased, showing values of 26.6% in 2000, 44.6% in 2002, 49.0% in 2005, 53.3% in 2007, 28.7% in 2010, and 37.3% in 2019. The cause of the decrease in 2010 was judged to be due to the vegetation management conducted to secure open water and remove organic matter in freshwater reservoirs. The amphibia which emerged from 2000 to 2019 was a total of 9 species including Hynobius leeshii, Bufo gargarizans, Kaloula borealis, and Rana uenoi. As a result of the changes in the emerging wild birds, the species diversity index before the restoration was 0.9922 in 2000, and the species diversity index after the restoration gradually increased to 1.2449 in 2005, 1.2467 in 2010, and 2.2631 in 2019. The amphibia and wild birds inhibiting in the Dunchon-Dong forest and wetland were judged to have increased through continuous wetland maintenance such as naturalized plant removal management, native plant maintenance, and open water securing management. For the ecosystem preservation management of the Dunchon-Dong ecological and landscape conservation area, it was suggested to minimize the impact of the Dunchon-Dong reconstruction project, reorganize the indiscriminate access roads adjacent to the wetland, and reorganize the main entrance to the wetland. For ecosystem restoration management, systematic restoration and ecological buffer planting were suggested to be carried out at the time of construction fence demolition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the individual size and age of Kaloula borealis, a pair in amplexus. In June 2013, the total 23 pairs of Kaloula borealis were captured in the wetland located in Seongsan-eup and Daejeong-eup, Jeju Island. Size and age of each individual have been examined and as a result of analyzing SVL (snout-vent length), weight, length of forelimb and hindlimb of the collected 23 pairs, the females were shown to have the heavier weight and the longer SVL and hindlimb compared to males. No significant difference in the length of forelimb has been found between the female and the male. The average age of the male of the pair in amplexus was shown to be $5.17{\pm}0.26$, whereas the female was shown to be $6.22{\pm}0.28$, which indicates the higher average age in female compared to the male. The age range of Kaloula borealis was distributed from at least 3 years to 10 years at the maximum. A positive correlation was shown between age of the male and SVL; however, no significant difference was found in female. This study result expected to be utilized as an important base data in establishing the preservation and restoration strategy of endangered species, Kaloula borealis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.846-852
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• 2011

This study researched the spawning sites of Kaloula borealis in a large number of wetlands in Jeju Island between May and August from 2007 to 2010. Based on the surveys, we discovered the locations of their habitats by investigating their calls from a rainy night to the next day and where their spawning sites were by ascertaining the existence of their eggs and tadpoles. According to the results, 83 wetlands were used as spawning sites across Jeju Island. A large number of wetlands were found to be permanent wetlands for Kaloula borealis. In addition, 81.9% of the wetlands in Jeju Island were found to be at an altitude of 150m or lower, and they spawned in shallow water not more than 50cm in depth. By region, 54 wetlands were in Jeju-island 29 wetlands were in Seogwipo-si. One of the reasons that Seogwipo-si has less wetlands than Jeju-si is that there are more orchards in Seogwipo-si than Jeju-si; accordingly, wetlands in Seogwipo-si were found to be more destroyed by farming. In the case of Seongsan-eup, a reedy marsh stretches out widely so that spawning sites were well preserved compared to other regions. This research will provide useful data for sustaining the population of Kaloula borealis by protecting their spawning sites from development, by offering habitats, and restoring spawning sites, which have become severely damaged and destroyed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.109-123
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• 2014

Kaloula borealis is the species of Amphibia which belongs to Kaloula genus and it is the only species inhabiting in Korea. The population size and habitat of Kaloula borealis have been significantly decreased on a national scale due to the diversified developments and the uses of agricultural pesticides. Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment has designated and managed them as the class II of endangered species, in accordance with "Endangered Species Protection and Management Act"; however, a particular study focused on the ecological restoration of Kaloula borealis is desperately needed to prevent their extinction. This study was conducted to propose the HSI (Habit Suitability Index) of Kaloula borealis based on literature survey on ecology and habitats of Kaloula borealis, as well as their HSI. Factors to be investigated in HSI include: space, feed, cover, water(breeding) and threatening factors and the variables of each factor were also proposed. The distance from wetland, grassland, farm, stream and rice paddy, as well as the altitude of spawning pond were proposed as the variables of space, whereas the bed structure of forest and low-rise grassland were proposed as the variables of feeding. The variables of water (breeding) include the area of permanent and temporary wetlands, coverage of emerged pants (ratio of open water), water depth, water temperature, water quality, pH level, etc., whereas the presence of predator, distance from street and pollutants were proposed as the variables of threatening factor. The sub-standards by HSI factor of Kaloula borealis have been drawn from in-depth consultation with experts and based on this, the final HSI of Kaloula borealis was developed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.105-109
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• 2018

Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is defined as the variability of living organisms, the "diversity of life on Earth," and the complex relationships that make up ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns in animal species composition and diversity at the Deukjin River, located in Hapcheon Province, Korea. The fauna community at the Deukjin River during 2016 season was identified with a total of 55 taxa, representing the following six classes: Mammalia (mammals), Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), Aves (birds), Amphibia (amphibians), Reptilia (reptiles), and invertebrates. The Berger - Parker index (BPI) for mammals varied from 0.233 (Station A) to 0.333 (Station D). The Shannon - Weaver index (H') and two diversity indexes (N1 and N2) for mammals and birds in the upper region were higher than those in the lower region. The values of ${\beta}$-diversity for animals varied from 0.229 for fish to 0.339 for invertebrates. The richness indices for animal taxa also varied among the stations and seasons. Station A showed considerably high richness in mammals, birds, and reptiles/amphibians. Although the richness indices (R1 and R2) for six animal kingdoms during the seasons were different from each other, the difference was not significant (p<0.05). The evenness indices for five animal kingdoms were different from each other, but again, the difference was not significant (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.369-374
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• 2003

Nonylphenol (NP), an well known aquatic contaminant, has been known to induce abnormalities in various aquatic animals. In an effort to develop proteome in the study of aquatic contamination of NP and its impact on the amphibia, protein changes in liver tissues of Korean red bellied frog, Bombina orientalis was investigated following the NP exposure. NP was administered intraperitoneally to male B. orientalis at 10 mg/kg body weight. At 48 and 96h after the treatment, the frog livers were sampled, and the protein fraction was separated using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D/E) and visualized with Coomassie brilluant blue staining. The 2D/E Images of the tissue from the animals treated with NP showed marked changes of protein spots (about 20% of total protein spots). Analysis of the 50-60 separated spots allowed identification of the major protein changes in the overall pattern for the stressor (NP) by time (0,48 and 96 h). At 48h after treatment, 8 spots were increased and 12 spots were reduced. Then, at 96h after treatment, 10 spots were increased and 8 spots were reduced. In total, approximately 29% of liver proteins showed the altered expression following the NP treatment. It is suggested that protein expression was repressed by blocking of certain metabolisms at 48 hand induced by the synthesis of new proteins for adaptation at 96 h following NP exposure. This application for 2D/E analysis may show promise in searching biomarkers for environmental proteomics in amphibians.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.12 no.1_2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1968

The levels of activities of amylase, lipase and trypsin in both the pancreatic tissue and serum of 18 species of vertebrate animals were measured and enzymologically compared with each other. 1) The value of amylase in the pancreas of experimental mammalia has been found decreasing in the order pig, rat, dog, cat, rabbit and cow; that of pancreatic lipase has been found decreasing in the order of pig, dog, cat, rat, rabbit and cow; and that of trypsin has been found decreasing in the order of pig, cow, dog, rat, rabbit. Thus the value of all the above three kinds of enzymes were observed highest in pig, but in cow amylase and lipase were observed lowest while trypsin were observed considerably high. 2) In view of diets, the comparatively high values of pancreatic enzyme were observed in the ommivorous animals such as pig, rat, dog, while the values observed low in the herbivorous animals, such as cow and rabbit. 3) In the bovine, the values were observed moderately high except lipase which were found comparatively low. 4) In the Reptilia and Amphibia such a mud turttle and frog, the values were shown in similar measure with each other, that is, the pancreatic amylase and trypsin were observed considerably high while the lipase was found low. 5) In the species of Reptilia such as a viper and snake, the activities of pancreatic enzymes were not detected. But in the tissue of liver, stomach, activities of the enzymes were found considerably high. Lacertilia animals such as lizard the values of pancreatic enzymes were little observed. 6) In the fish in which the pancreatic tissue is scattered in the liver, the pancreatic enzymes were found in the liver tissue considerably higher than in the other tissues but lower than in the warm-blooded animals, especially the lipase was lower. 7) In generally the values of serum amylase and lipase were observed higher than those of man; and even in the cold-blooded animals in which the values of pancreatic enzymes were shown low or none, the values were also observed high. 8) The above three kinds of pancreatic enzyme values of those experimental animals have shown a tendency of higher degree in higher taxa than in lower taxa according to taxonomical order. 9) In view of tissue, the pancreatic cell was observed large in the mammalian animals such as rat and pig and cytoplasm was also abundantly contained in the acinous cell; and the bovine and the snake haave the pancreatic cells of the similar rosette form the comparatively large acinous cells of long rhombic form in the comparatively large acinous cells of long rhombic form in which the spindle shaped neucleus and the abundant cytoplasm were contained. In the fish the pancreatic cell were found scattered in the liver in which the very large pancreatic islet were found.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.533-538
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine the effect of salinity on the early embryonic development stage of boreal digging frogs (Kaloula borealis). An experiment was carried out with the eggs of K. borealis mating couples laid along the coastal zone of Jeju Island in June 2013. The salinity was set to 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 ‰, respectively. The survival and growth of the larvae at various stages from the egg phase to the closing of their external gills phase were observed. In another experiment, tadpoles in internal gill stage were placed in solutions with salinity of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 ‰, respectively, and their survival rate and growth rate were observed, and then the results of the two experiments above were compared. The results showed that in egg and external gill stage, there was no significant difference in survival rate in 3 ‰ solution, though there was low survival rate in 5 ‰ solution. Further, all the eggs were dead in 7 ‰ solution, so it appeared that solutions with salinity of 5 ‰ or higher affect the survival of K. borealis in the early embryonic development. Larvae in the internal gill stage showed no significant difference in survival rate from the control group up to a salinity of 5 ‰, but when placed in a solution of over 7 ‰ salinity, the survival rate decreased. The growth rate also slowed down with the higher salinity. It appeared that in both the external gill stage and the internal gill stage in 5 ‰ solution, the growth rate decreased significantly compared to the control group. From this study it is concluded that higher salinity values have a significant impact on the survival and growth of the K. borealis larvae and this finding can be used to conserve K. borealis species that are decreasing in number due to the side effects of development in coastal areas.