• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.204-210
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the guidelines for cleaning the feeding bags by comparing the level of contamination according to cleaning and disinfection methods when feeding tube of Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit patients. Methods: This study was a true-experimental study, with 48 cases in total. The feeding bag of 48 patients were randomly assigned to detergent cleaning method or disinfectant decontamination method. The period of the experiment was January to July 2008, and enteral nutrition was given within 30 minutes for 2 hours, 4 times a day at 7AM, noon, 5PM, and 9PM for seven days. Feeding bags were cleaned after each feeding according to the assigned cleaning and disinfection method followed by microbial cultures on 4th and 8th day before the 7AM feeding. Results: After three and seven days of feeding and cleaning, the level of contamination was significantly lower when bags were cleaned with disinfectant than cleaning with detergent and tepid water. Conclusion: In cases where feeding bags are reused, for example, intensive care unit and home care settings, study findings indicate that cleaning bags with disinfectant is an effective way to prevent contamination of bags.

• The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.18-29
• /
• 1993

In single mode fiber optic transmission systems(FOT's) operated at high modulation rates over long fiber spans, chromatic dispersion can produce distortion in the demodulated waveforms, resulting in intersymbol interference(ISI) in the received signal and a reduction of transmission system performance. In this paper, chromatic dispersion limitations for intensity modulation and direct detection(IM-DD) systems are studied by considering the effect of phase modulation to amplitude modulation (PM-AM) conversion noise. Laser phase noise conversion to amplitude noise due to fiber chromatic dispersion is analyzed by deriving the noise power spectral density. We first derive the noise power spectral density of the laser phase noise to intensity noise conver- sion. Next, also evaluate the system power penalty and the transmitter laser linewidth required to avoid PM-AM conversion noise penalties in long-haul nonregenerative transmission system using an external modulator and optical amplifiers. For such system with optical amplifiers, transmission sys- tem length is limited due to fiber chromatic dispersion, even if an ideal external modulator is used.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.81-89
• /
• 2017

In this study CALPUFF was used to estimate the influence of temperature rise, according to the observation value of temperature rise based RCP scenario, on meteorological elements (wind direction, wind speed, mixing height) and the change of pollutant diffusion. According to the result. applying estimated value of year 2050 temperature rise, the mixing height is increased as per the temperature rise, so the range of atmospheric diffusion is widened. In summer case, by applying temperature rise of $4^{\circ}C$ and comparing with before applying temperature rise, there was change of diffusion range as per the change of temperature between 10 AM to 11 PM. And the range of diffusion was wider than that of before temperature rise. In winter case, by applying estimated value of temperature rise, $2.3^{\circ}C$, diffusion range has been changed between 8 AM to 4 PM, showing different diffusion aspect from summer. Also, according to the result of air pollution level assessment with temperature rise, it was proved that the ratio of area with increasing air pollution level has been getting higher by increase of temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.35-41
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to develop a heat pump system to utilize waste heat within the greenhouse during the daytime in winter season. The system runs at 8 am to 6 pm for the heat storage operation, and from 6 pm to 8 am of the next day for the heat radiant work. In the case of the heat storage operation, the average solar radiation was $168.3W/m^2$ with $16.3^{\circ}C$ outside temperature. The $COP_s$ of the system shows 4.59 in this operation mode. When the temperature goes up to $18.6^{\circ}C$, the system $COP_s$ reached at 5.10. On the other hand, the $COP_h$ of the system in heat radiation mode shows 2.63. In this case, the inside of the greenhouse temperature was reaches at $24.7^{\circ}C$ when the outside temperature was $12.9^{\circ}C$.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 2007

The high-rise apartment buildings have been constructed in large quantities to provide housing and used to be the popular residential types in Korea. However, it results that a number of problems are provoked such as the deteriorate of comfort and lack of sunshine access. Based on the judicial precedents, the sunshine access right should be guaranteed to enjoy uninterrupted sunlight for more than two hours continually between 9 am. and 3 pm or for more than four hours between 8 am and 4 pm in the winter solstice. The computer simulations are very strong tools to judge that the sunshine access right is infringed or not. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of two computer simulation programs such as 3Dmax and Lightscape programs broadly used in field areas. For the study, the three dimensional computer models are suggested, and the simulations are performed on the 30 minutes intervals. Also, the simulation results are compared by the results of scaled model experiments.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.479-486
• /
• 1999

In this paper the system performance degradation resulting from nonlinear transmitter power amplifier which is essential to increase the efficiency is analyzed in a forward link CDMA system. The power amplifier is modeled by power series model which includes only odd-order terms. The effects of power amplifier's nonlinearity such as intersymbol interference, phase distortion on the RF system performance were visualized by examining the distorted time domain waveforms, signal vector constellation. And through the investigation of the power spectrum density of the transmitted signal, spectral regrowth or sideband regrowth which is result from amplitude distortion can be seen. All these characteristics result in BER performance degradation due to other user interferences and intersymbol interference. The analysis technique described here applies not only to power amplifier but also to any other nonlinear components such as mixers and switches. Also the effects of adjacent channel interference and supurious emission can be analysed between different systems.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.151-158
• /
• 2004

Objective : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Eo-Hyeol Bang(瘀血方) for the patients with low back pain due to traffic accident. Methods : Eo-Hyeol Bang based on Sa-Am Acupuncture treatment(four needle technic), consists of Taibai(SP3), Taiyuan(LU9), Quchi(LI11). In following research, 60 patients were divided into Group A and Group B of each 30 persons. Only Group A was treated with Eo-Hyeol Bang, Group B was treated with common acupuncture treatment. Results : In VAS, Group A is $5.77{\pm}1.96$ and Group B is $4.53{\pm}2.40$ (P=0.033). In Improvement index, Group A is $0.3191{\pm}0.1597$ and Group B is $0.2267{\pm}0.1297$ (P=0.017). Conclusions : As a result of each P-value, we knew that Eo-Hyeol Bang is more effective than another acupuncture technic.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.151-155
• /
• 2008

Circadian variations of acebutolol and its main metabolite, diacetolol pharmacokinetics were studied after a single oral administration of acebutolol (10 mg/kg) to eight rabbits at 10 : 00 AM (in the morning) and 10 : 00 PM (at night). The plasma concentration profiles of acebutolol were significantly different (P<0.05) between 10 : 00 AM and 22 : 00 PM, suggesting circadian variations of pharmacokinetic behaviors. A significant circadian rhythm of pharmacokinetic parameters was noted in rabbits, showing higher total body clearance (CL/F), and lower the area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) of acebutolol than that at night. The half-life ($t_{1/2}$) of acebutolol and diacetolol were also significantly shorter in the morning than at night (P<0.05). Metabolite-parent AUC ratio at night significantly decreased compared to in the morning, implying that night time could inhibit acebutolol metabolism than in the morning. From this study there was an administration-time difference of acebutolol pharmacokinetics in the rabbits. The optimized dosing regimen of acebutolol can be decided by considering circadian rhythm so that the effective therapies are established for patients.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.195-199
• /
• 2003

The objective of this study is to investigate the pharamacokinetic parameters of decursinol following oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. The plasma concentration of decursinol was determined by LC/MS with APCI positive mode. The m/z value of decursinol was observed at 247. Following oral administration of decursinol extract, the apparent clearance was $5.3{\pm}2.7\;ml/hr/rat$, the absorption half life was $2.5{\pm}0.41\;hr$, the elimination half life was $3.05{\pm}1.57\;hr$, and the apparent volume of distribution was $21{\pm}12\;ml/rat$. The LC/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of decursinol.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.463-469
• /
• 2017

PURPOSE. To evaluate the fit of a three-unit metal framework of fixed dental prostheses made by subtractive and additive manufacturing. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One master model of metal was fabricated. Twenty silicone impressions were made on the master die, working die of 10 poured with Type 4 stone, and working die of 10 made of scannable stone. Ten three-unit wax frameworks were fabricated by wax-up from Type IV working die. Stereolithography files of 10 three-unit frameworks were obtained using a model scanner and three-dimensional design software on a scannable working die. The three-unit wax framework was fabricated using subtractive manufacturing (SM) by applying the prepared stereolithography file, and the resin framework was fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM); both used metal alloy castings for metal frameworks. Marginal and internal gap were measured using silicone replica technique and digital microscope. Measurement data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U-test (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. The lowest and highest gaps between premolar and molar margins were in the SM group and the AM group, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the marginal gap among the 3 groups (P<.001). In the marginal area where pontic was present, the largest gap was $149.39{\pm}42.30{\mu}m$ in the AM group, and the lowest gap was $24.40{\pm}11.92{\mu}m$ in the SM group. CONCLUSION. Three-unit metal frameworks made by subtractive manufacturing are clinically applicable. However, additive manufacturing requires more research to be applied clinically.