• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.158-165
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for increased understanding of detailed customer needs by age group, and also to improve customer satisfaction. The survey was conducted from August $30^{th}$ to September $15^{th}$, 2017. The poll was conducted with 302 persons aged from 20's to 50's by using convenience-sampling method and self-administration method for survey. The results were analyzed by frequencies, independent sample t-test, Pearson correlations, and through multiple regression analysis. The study results are briefly summarized as follows. First, the overall age group's interest of hand's health was robustly high. Second, in the 20s and 30s age groups hand care interest and self-hand care (r=.284, p<.01) increased with improved hand health condition. In the 40s and 50s age groups there were positive correlations between hand health condition and Information recognition(${\beta}=.246$, p<.1), Product use(${\beta}=.312$, p<.05), and Professional Hand Care(${\beta}=.354$, p<.000). This study indicates that hand care concern and management behaviors change with age. Therefore, further research and more specific follow-up are required for improvement of the awareness of healthy hands.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.324-331
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• 2007

Age and growth of the robust tonguefish, Cynoglossus robustus were estimated using scale of 353 fish specimens from February, 2004 to December, 2005 in the Southern Sea of Korea. Marginal increment of the scale formed annual rings from October to November at the beginning of autumn season. In the relationship between total length and body weight, a multiplicative error structure was assumed because variability in growth increased as a function of the length, and the estimated equation was $BW=0.0013TL^{3.399}$ ($R^2=0.916$). The relative growth as body weight at total length has significant difference between females and males (p<0.05). For describing growth of the robust tonguefish, C. robustus a von Bertalanffy growth model was adopted. The von Betalanffy growth curve had a additive error structure and the growth parameters estimated from Walford method were $L_{\infty}=43.77cm$, K=0.186/year and $t_0=-2.295year$. Growth at age of females and males shows no significant difference (P>0.05).

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.229-243
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to develop a nursing model for the aged. This study was conducted to measure the physical, psychological and mental health status of the aged and to identify relationships between these health levels and various variables. The data were collected from 172 aged(over 60 years old) by interviews. The tools used for this study was a structured questionnaire which was developed and revised by the researchers. The tool consisted of 22 items on physical health assessment, 7 items on psychological health assessment, 9 items on mental health assessment and 10 items on an ADL evaluation. The major results of the study were as follows ; 1. In physical health, the aged complained of visual disturbance(60.5%), incontinence of urine (55.2%), back or muscle pain(73.3%), dizziness(70.3%) and diarrhea or constipation(44.2%). In psychological health, most aged people felt anger when they got some order from an other person(80.2%). Also, they had depression (69.8%) and felt like dying(64.0%). The ADL level was mostly normal for daily life. 2. The aged man was more healthy than the aged woman in physical and mental health especially the 60-64 year old group. The physical, mental health and ADL level had a positive correlation with age(p>.004), but psychological health had a negative correlation with age. 3. The physical, psychological, mental health and ADL level was positively interrelated with each other. 4. The physical, mental health, & ADL level lowered with inceasing age. Physical & psychological health worsened rapidly from 65-69 years, but for 10-15 years, their health level was preserved. Psychological health level was high in 80-84. 5. The physical health was affected by edu cational level, sex and pocket money (R=.4029, 16.24%). The psychological health was affected by the supportive style and pocket money (R=.5128, 26.30%). And the mental health was affected by education level, age, support ive style, sex and job(R=.4377, 19.16%). As seen above, we suggest the intervention of the young for the old to cope with their life and to maintain their healthy late adulthood. Also, if they have received psychological support in the institution, they will maintain healthy life condition. For further studies should be a search for variables that affect aged health, and should contribut to a nursing program better suited for the aged.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3897-3901
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is by far the most frequent cancer of women (23% of all cancers), ranking second overall when both sexes are considered together. Since there has been change in clinico-pathological factors and treatment profiles for breast cancer patients over the years, the present study to evaluate the change trends in India. Materials and Methods: A detailed analysis was carried out with respect to age, menopausal status, family history, disease stage, surgery performed, histopathology, hormone receptor status, and use of chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. Change in various clinico-pathological factors and treatments of breast cancer cases was recorded and analysed. Results: Mean age at presentation was found to be earlier in 2005-2006 compared with 1997-98 (p value: 0.046). More premenopausal women were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005-2006 when this was compared with initial years of assessment (p value ${\leq}0.001$). When change in the receptor status was evaluated, we observed that there was a decrease in cases of ER and PR receptor positivity which was significant (p value: 0.007). Over the period of time, more f patients were not offered surgery initially in view of advanced disease when the two time periods were compared (p value: ${\leq}0.001$). There was a significant increase in patients who were initially offered neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in view of advanced disease at presentation (p value: ${\leq}0.001$). There was increasing number of patients who received palliative treatment for symptoms in 2005-2006 when compared to patients treated in 1997-98((p value: ${\leq}0.001$). Conclusions: Changes in mean age at presentation, premenopausal status, and stage at presentation have occurred over the years. More aggressive patterns of disease have become more common with early age at presentation and aggressive biological behaviour with receptor negative tumours.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5715-5719
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the world. The disease is caused by infectious and non-infectious, environmental and lifestyle factors. Tobacco smoke has been one of the most widely studied environmental factors wiith possible relevance to breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of tobacco smoking in breast cancer patients in a hospital based cohort and to establish prognostic implications if any. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of 100 women with pathological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer was included in this study. The verbal questionnaire elicited information on current and previous history of exposure to smoking in addition to active smoking. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, including stage at presentation, alcohol intake, hormonal replacement therapy, oral contraceptive intake, obesity and menopausal status. Results: The mean age at presentation of breast cancer was $51.4{\pm}10.86$ years. Mean age of presentation was $53.1{\pm}11.5$ and $45.7{\pm}11.9$ years in never smokers and passive smokers, respectively. Age at presentation varied widely in patients exposed to tobacco smoke for >10 years in childhood from $40.3{\pm}12.0$ years to $47.7{\pm}13.9$ in patients exposed for > 20years as adults. Among passive smokers, 60.9% were premenopausal and 39.1% of patients were postmenopausal. In never smokers, 71.4% were post menopausal. Expression of receptors in non-smokers vs passive smokers was comparable with no significant differences. Metastatic potential in lung parenchyma was slightlyelevated in passive smokers as compared to never smokers although statistically non-significant. Conclusions: An inverse relationship exists between the intensity and duration of smoking and the age at presentation and poor prognostic factors. The results strongly suggest efforts should be taken to prevent smoking, encourage quitting and restrict exposure to second hand smoke in India.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2017

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of canine influenza (CI) infection in pet dogs and canine parvovirus (CPV) infection in street dogs of different age and sex by collecting rectal and nasal swab samples from three districts, Dhaka, Mymensingh and Sirajgonj, in Bangladesh using a RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ Canine Influenza Virus Ag Test kit and RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ Canine Parvovirus Ag Test Kit. Out of 114 rectal swabs and 115 nasal swab samples, the overall prevalence of CI and CPV was found to be 11.30% and 32.45%, respectively. The prevalence of parvovirus infection was found to be significantly higher in puppies and dogs 6 months of age (50.0%) than those > 24 months of age (p = 0.005). The prevalence was also higher in males (34.42%) than females (30.18%). The prevalence of CI was higher (30.43%) in dogs up to 6 months of age (p = 0.011) than 6-12 month (7.93%) and 12-18 month (6.66%) old dogs. Moreover, the prevalence of CI was found to be higher in males (16.10%) than females (5.66%). The prevalence of CPV infection also varied significantly in different study areas (p = 0.0029), with 12.72%, 12.5% and 7.14% of dogs found to be CI positive in Dhaka, Mymensingh and Sirajgonj, respectively. Overall, the highest prevalence of CI was found in local breeds (6.08%) followed by German shepherds and Keeshonds (1.73%), and Bloodhounds and Terriers (0.86%). Additionally, there were more positive CI found in unvaccinated dogs (14.81%) than vaccinated (2.94%) dogs. Dogs with flu-like symptoms were more positive (19.23%) for CI relative to those without flu-like symptoms (4.76%) samples. Overall, the results of this study indicate that canine vaccination should be initiated to prevent the occurrence of diseases and that regular monitoring should be continued in Bangladesh.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2006

Age and growth of the small yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis were estimated using right sagittal otoliths of 506 fish specimens from March to December, 2002 and from January to February, 2005 in the South Sea, part of the East China Sea of Korea. Examination of outer margins of the otolith showed that the opaque zone was formed once a year. Marginal increment of the otolith formed annual rings from May and June at the beginning of spawning season. In the relationship between total length and body weight, a multiplicative error structure was assumed because variability in growth increased as a function of the length, and the estimated equation was $BW=0.0044TL^{3.2502}$ ($R^2=0.97$). The relative growth as body weight at total length has significant difference between females and males (P<0.05). For describing growth of the small yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis a von Bertalanffy growth model was adopted. The von Bertalanffy growth curve had an additive error structure and the growth parameters estimated from non-linear regression were $L_{\infty}=33.88cm$, K=0.20/year and $t_0=-2.39year$. Growth at age of males and females shows no significant difference (P>0.05). Most examined fish were 1, 2 and 3 years old, although the oldest fish were 7 old for males and 8 for females.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.22-36
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• 1997

Functional recovery of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) patients were studied by examining functional independence measure (FIM) to evaluate the functional state of the patients at admission to and at discharge from the hospital and its relationship with the family support. Study subjects consisted of 129 CVA patients, who were admitted and received rehabilitation treatment at K Medical Center of Oriental Medicine from August 3 to December 18, 1997. The results were as follows: 1) Total FIM score was $72.37{\pm}25.16$ at admission and $101.67{\pm}22.13$ at discharge. The difference of average score was 29.30, which was statistically significant by paired t-test. 2) The largest difference between FIM scores at admission and at clischarge was observed in items of walking and wheel-chair riding, and the smallest clifference in items of social interaction. 3) The recovery was faster with motor function than with cognitive function, because the difference of FIM scores at admission and at discharge was much larger with motor function. 4) Recovery was better in groups under age 49 than in groups above age 70. Functional recorvery was prominent especially in groups with normal sensory state and speech functions, and groups without urinary incontinence. Recovery was less significantly in patients with paraplegic patients hospitalized longer than 2 months, patients with family all the time, and patients with CVA over 11 days. 5) We could not find any relationship between functional recovery and family support. FIM scores were lower in groups of old age(r=-0.325), long stayed in hospital (r=-0.426), and long period of time after the onset of disease(r= -0.339) with a reciprocal correlation between FIM scores and these parameters. 6) Stepwise multiple regression analysis was done to evaluate factors to affect the recovery from CVA. FIM score at admission could explain 51.2 % of the functional recovery. Important factors were periods of hospitalization, state of sensory function, age, and education (listed in decreasing order of importance). In total, they could explain 64.89% of the functional recovery. These results indicate that functional recovery of CVA patients, who were admitted to oriental medicine hospital for rehabilitation treatment, could be estimated by measuring FIM scores. Recovery was significantly better at discharge from the hospital than at admission and motor function recovery rate was much faster than that of cognitive function. 2. Recommendation Based on these results, we recommend following further studies. 1) Comparative study of recovery of motor function and of sensory function would be necessary by measuring FIM scores once a week to evaluate the recovery of CVA patients. 2) It would be interesting to see whether there is any difference of functional recovery between patients treated with either western medicine or oriental medicine. 3) Psychological factors affecting the recovery of CVA patients need to be studied.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2013

This study aimed to investigate whether nociceptin contributes to the alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation following postnatal exposure to ethanol in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals received ethanol twice a day, 2 hr apart, on postnatal 6, 7 and 8 days. The changes in regional CBF (rCBF) in response to the changes in mean arterial blood pressure were determined at 4-, 8-, and 12-week of age by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Hypotension was induced by the gradual withdrawal of blood from arterial catheter, and the reversal of blood pressure was produced by the reinfusion of blood. Expression of nociceptin-like immunoreactivity was determined in dura mater and cerebral cortex using immunohistochemistry. Postnatal exposure to ethanol almost abolished the autoregulation of rCBF in all age groups. Pretreatment with nociceptin but not with [$Nphe^1$]nociceptin(1-13)$NH_2$, a selective competitive nociceptin receptor antagonist, 5 min prior to ethanol administration preserved the autoregulation of rCBF in all age groups. Postnatal exposure to ethanol markedly increased the expressions of nociceptin-like immunoreactivity in the dura mater and cerebral cortex, both of which were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 7-nitroindazole monosodium salt as well as aminoguanidine 5 min prior to ethanol administration in all age groups. The values of arterial blood gas analysis were not significantly different from the basal levels in all groups. These results suggest that nociceptin deeply contributes to the compensatory mechanisms for the nitric oxide-dependent alterations in CBF autoregulation following postnatal exposure to ethanol.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.655-665
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• 2011

Contamination of butyltin compounds (BTs), namely tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), was evaluated in sediments collected inside Jeju Harbor in 2001. The concentrations of BTs in surface sediments were comparable to those in other sites of domestic and foreign countries. The high correlations between BTs in surface ($r^2$ = 0.83~0.91) and core ($r^2$ = 0.70~0.79) sediments and the significant correlations between BTs concentrations and the number of incoming and outgoing vessels indicated that DBT and MBT were mainly degraded from TBT based on antifouling paints of vessels etc. and other sources, such as DBT and MBT, could be ignored. The butyltin degradation indices ([DBT] + [MBT]/[TBT]) in surface sediments were in the range of 2.2~3.6 (mean 2.7), indicating that the parent compound, TBT, was inflowed into the surface sediments a long ago, degraded and deposited. The sedimentation age of BTs contaminated core sediments could not estimated because the content of $^{210}Pb$ activity was nearly all the same and so the sedimentation rate could not obtained.