• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.435-441
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• 1998

Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ (Arginine esterase) is one of the snake venoms which is mainly consisted of arginine esterase and acts as a thrombus -forming inhibitor/thrombus-lysin. These present studies were performed to investigate of the acute and subacute toxicity of the Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ in rats. In acute toxicity study, rats were single administered intravenously with dosages of 0.001, 0.01. 0.1, 1 and 10U/kg B.W. and examined the number of death, clinical sign, body weight and pathological change for 7days after administration of Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$. At maximum dose level (10U/kg B.W.), Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ induced symptoms of shock with cyanosis and dyspnea. But these symptoms dissappeared after 30~50 minutes and we could not find any other toxic effect in rats. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ Value of Alginase was over 10U/kg B.W. in rats. In four-week intravenous toxicity study of Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$, rats were administered intravenously seven days per week for 28 days, with dosages of 0, 0.0125, 0.125 and 1.25U/kg B.W./day, respectively. Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ did not caused any death and showed any clinical signs in rats. No significant Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ -related changes were found in feed uptake, water consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, ocular examination, organ weight and histopathological examination. From the results, Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ seems not to have any toxic effect in rats when it were given daily intravenous injections below the dosage 1.25U/kg B.W./day for four weeks.

• 공업화학
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2009

본 연구는 투명한 섬유유연제 제조용 양이온 계면활성제인 ASCO EAQ80의 개발 완료 후 이 제품의 안전성과 관련된 평가를 받기 위하여 실시되었다. 시험은 급성 경구투여 독성시험과 유전 독성시험으로 나뉘어 진행되었으며, 랫드를 이용한 경구 단회 투여 독성시험 결과, $LD_{50}$는 5000 mg/kg를 초과하는 것으로 판단되었으며, Globally Harmonized Classification System의 기준에 의해 Category 5 또는 Unclassified로 분류되었다. 시험물질인 ASCO EAQ80의 복귀돌연변이 유발성에 대해서, 살모넬라균(TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537) 및 대장균(WP2uvrA (pKM101))을 이용하여 대사활성화 및 비대사활성화의 경우에서 변이원성 시험을 실시하였고, 그 결과는 모두 음성으로 판정되었다. 또한, 염색체이상 유발성 여부를 검색하기 위하여 Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL/IU) 배양세포를 이용하여 염색체이상시험을 수행하였으며, 시험물질인 ASCO EAQ80은 단시간처리법 및 연속처리법의 경우 대사활성계 적용여부에 관계없이 Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL/IU) 배양세포에 대해 염색체이상을 유발하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.527-532
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• 2010

A thiazolidinedione derivative, TD49 with the highly selective algicide to red tide was newly synthesized and its acute toxicity was examined in order to evaluate the effect on aquatic ecosystems of coast. Major three species having important role in the food chain of marine ecosystem, such as Skeletonema costatum of microalgae, Daphnia magna of crustacea, Paralichthys olivaceus of flatfish fingerling were employed for the acute toxicity assessment. $EC_50$ or $LC_50$ as the assessment criterion was investigated to each specie, and NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) from most sensitive specie to toxicity of TD49 were further calculated. $EC_50$ of S. costatum in 96-hour, $EC_50$ of D. magna in 48-hour, and $LC_50$ of P. olivaceus in 72-hour for TD49 were $0.34\;{\mu}M$, $0.68\;{\mu}M$, and $0.58\;{\mu}M$, respectively. NOEC from the results of S. costatum was estimated to be $0.20\;{\mu}M$ and PNEC was estimated as 3.40 nM by applying factor value of 100 to $EC_50$ $0.34\;{\mu}M$ of S. costatum. In addition, it was revealed that Solutol used as the dispersing agent of TD49 had very little toxic influence under the concentration range of $0{\sim}0.4\;{\mu}M$ used in TD49 toxicity experiment. Although the estimated concentration of TD49 that will be sprayed onto the coastal field for the algicide is higher than NOEC value, it is considered that the spraying concentration would not be a considerable problem due to a dilution effect by tide at the opened coast.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2022

Background: A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was adopted in the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH, EU) regulations as well as the Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals (AREC, Republic of Korea). It has been previously used in the registration of chemicals. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the correlation between the predicted data provided by three prediction programs using a QSAR model and actual experimental results (acute fish, daphnia magna toxicity). Through this approach, we aimed to effectively conjecture on the performance and determine the most applicable programs when designating toxic substances through the AREC. Methods: Chemicals that had been registered and evaluated in the Toxic Chemicals Control Act (TCCA, Republic of Korea) were selected for this study. Two prediction programs developed and operated by the U.S. EPA - the Ecological Structure-Activity Relationship (ECOSAR) and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) models - were utilized along with the TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) commercial program. The applicability of these three programs was evaluated according to three parameters: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: The prediction analysis on fish and daphnia magna in the three programs showed that the TOPKAT program had better sensitivity than the others. Conclusions: Although the predictive performance of the TOPKAT program when using a single predictive program was found to perform well in toxic substance designation, using a single program involves many restrictions. It is necessary to validate the reliability of predictions by utilizing multiple methods when applying the prediction program to the regulation of chemicals.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1134-1139
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the application possibility of leaf and stem extract(LSE) from the mixture of leaf and stem of ginseng radix(Panax Ginseng CA Meyer). This study measured antifatigue effects by rota-rod test and swimming test. Also we examined the cell toxicity in normal liver and kidney cells, and acute toxicity in mice. Dropping times of LSE treated group decreased about 39-83% compared to the control group according to supplementation intake levels. Swimming time in LSE treated group increased compared to the control group at short and long supplementation. Negative effects were not found from the results of the cell toxicity. Also acute toxicity not shown. These results imply that the leaf and stem of ginseng radix could be used as possible food resources and functional food material and feed stuff.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.297-301
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• 2001

The acute toxicity of CJ-50005, an inactivated whole virus vaccine derived from hepatitis A virus (HM175) grown in human MRC-5 diploid fibroblast culture, was tested in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and beagle dogs. CJ-50005 was orally and intramuscularly administered up to the maximum dose of 81$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. as much as 3,000 times of the expected clinical dose, in SD rats and was intramuscularly administered up to 27 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, as much as 1,000 times of the expected clinical dose, in beagle dogs. In these experiments, there were no death and clinical changes which were related to CJ-50005 administration. In addition, there were no significant changes between control and treated groups in body weights and autopsy findings. In conclusion, the administration of CJ-50005 over 81$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in SD rats and over 27$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in beagle dogs was proved to be safe, and it is thought that CJ-50005 may not show any toxicity in its clinical use.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제12권3_4호
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• pp.55-59
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• 1997

Furfural, an organic solvent, is widely used as synthetic component material in producing chemical products. However, furfural has been reported that it shows strong toxicities to human being showing intense stimulus to skin, eyes, mucous membrane and nerve system. It is also known to cause anemia, liver cirrhosis, kidney failure and genetic toxicity in the human being working in the exposed area. LD$_{50}$ of furfural for peritoneal injected mouse has been known around 20mg/kg, but the acute toxicity on aquatic organisms such as fish, daphnid or algae are not well known, compared to those on rodents. In this experiment, we studied on the fish toxicity of furfural using Japanese Medaka (Orvzias latipes) and Common Carp (Cvprinus carpio). We also observed histological changes in the fish organs. The LC$_{50}$ were 12. Smg/L in Japanese Medaka and 21.8 mg/L in Common Carp, respectively. When Common Carps were exposed to 120mg/L of furfural concentration for 30 minutes, blood congestion in gills and lysis of secondary lamella were shown. Though the muscle of caudal fin was not completely eroded, its epidermic cells were shown to be necrotic in various parts. Tissue atrophy and cell necrosis were also shown in the liver of Common Carps exposed to furfural. From these results, furfural seems to cause histological damages on liver, an internal organ as well as on external organs such as gills and fins eventhough the fish were exposed for a short-term.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2006

From the harmfulness expectation test conducted through a toxicity anticipation program, methylcyclohexane turned out to be harmful and simulative, but no carcinogenicity was anticipated. In a four-hour acute inhalation toxicity test, the result showed that lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was 3,750 ppm (15,054 mg/L), which was identified as a harmful substance on the basis of the harmful substance classification standard $2 of the Industrial safety and health law. methylcyclohexane fell under the category $4(2,500 substance from the GHS standard acute toxicity harmfulness classification. Also, from subchronic inhalation toxicity test that included 6 hours a day, five days a week, and for 13 weeks, we could observe weight, activity, long term weight, blood and blood biochemical influence from the exposure of test substance. No-observed effect level (NOEL) was determined below $100{\sim}400ppm$ inboth male and female. This material falls under the Category 2 ($50{\sim}250ppm/6hours/90days$) in the GHS (Globally Harmonized System) standard trace long-term whole body toxicity repeated exposure, and can be classified as a harmful substance in accordance with the Industrial Safety and Health Law harmful substance standard $NOEL{\leq}0.5mg/L/6hr/90day$ (rat).

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2004년도 International Conference Global Environmental Problems and their Health Consequences
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• pp.146-150
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• 2004

Degradation efficiency of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by using direct UV photolysis and $TiO_2$ photocatalysis was evaluated with both chemical analyses and acute toxicity assessment employing luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. PCP was chosen as a target compound in this study because of its wide application as fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and wood preservative in agriculture and many industries, in addition to its well-known environmental consequences. The acute toxicity to the microbe was reduced by >60% when applying UV alone, and was completely removed when treated with $UV-TiO_2$ combinations. Toxicity reduction pattern determined with the Microtox Assay generally corresponds with the chemistry data: However, it should be noted that toxicity was greater than expected by the chemistry data. Formation of TCBQ, a toxic byprodut, could not explain observed microbial toxicity. These observations are probably due to the presence of unidentified toxic PCP byproducts, which may include polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. When Microtox results were compared between different exposure time, i.e.,5 min and 15 min, an interesting pattern was noted with $UVA-\;TiO_2$ treatment. While no microbial toxicity was observed with 5 min exposure, an EC50 value of 45.4% was estimated with 15 min exposure, which was not observed in $UVB-\;TiO_2$ exposure. This result may suggest the presence of unidentified toxic degradation products generated in the later stage of treatment. Based on this study, $TiO_2$ photocatalyst, together with UVB photolysis could improve the removal of both PCP and its toxic derivatives in more efficient way. The Microtox Assay is promising and economical method for monitoring efficiency of wastewater treatment processes.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.242-245
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• 2011

Socheongryong-tang has been used for the treatment of inflammatory allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in Asian countries. This study was conducted to investigate the safety of Socheongryong-tang in rats. The safety of this tang on acute toxicity was evaluated by single dose toxicity study. Rats were orally administrated in a single dose of 0 and 2000 mg/kg (limited dose) Socheongryong-tang. There were 7 rats in each groups. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days of treatment. After single administration, mortality, clinlcal signs, body weight changes and gross pathological findings were observed for 14 days. Three parameters were tested: organ weight measurement, clinical chemistry, and hematology. In this study with rats, Socheongryong-tang treatment did not show any acute toxicity. No mortality was noted for 14 days of treatment. There were no adverse effects on clinical signs, body weight, organ eight and gross pathological findings at all treatment groups. The clinical chemistry parameters attesting to liver and kidney functions as well as the hematological parameters were within the normal ranges. From single dose toxicity study with rats, it is considered that $LD_{50}$ of Socheongryong-tang is over 2000 mg/kg in oral administration. This finding of the safety on single dose toxicity study of Socheongryong-tang are expected to strengthen the position of Socheongryong-tang as nontoxic medicine.