• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.243-258
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• 2011

Objectives : This study investigated the hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Curcuma radix using a rat model induced by poloxamer 407 injection. Methods : Serum lipid parameters and oxidative stress-associated biomarkers were determined. Additionally, hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride as well as lipid metabolism-associated gene expressions were observed in hepatic tissue. Results : 1. Curcuma radix ameliorated elevation of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, MDA, hepatic cholesterol level, and reduction of serum TAC, SOD, GSH, GSH-reductase level. 2. Curcuma radix augmented up-regulated ACAT gene expression. 3. Curcuma radix almost completely ameliorated down-regulated CYP-7A1 but up-regulated HMG-CoA gene expression. Conclusions : The hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Curcuma radix were evidenced. This study provides a scientific basis for the clinical application of Curcuma radix and development of hypolipidemics using this herb in the future.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.813-828
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• 2010

Objective : Yegangji-tang (YJT) is noted in China as effective medicine for hyperlipidemia. This experiment was performed to determine the effects of Yegangji-tang (銳降脂湯: YJT) on antioxidant activity and hyperlipidemia induced by hypercholesterolemic diet in mice. Methods : We observed three experimental groups: normal, control, and treatment. Rats were provided a normal diet in the normal group, and the other groups were provided a hypercholesterolemic diet to induce hyperlipidemia. After 2 weeks, YJT was treated to the treatment group. We observed the change of body and liver weight, change of serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity of liver tissue, cholesterol gene revelation control efficiency, and histologic change of liver and abdominal aorta. Results : Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly with YJT, whereas HDL cholesterol increased significantly. Lipid peroxidation decreased and antioxidant activity of the liver increased significantly. Gene revelation of ACAT and HMG-CoA reductase in hepatic tissue decreased significantly with YJT. We also found that tissue defects of the liver and abdominal aorta were controlled by YJT on histologic study. Conclusion : These results suggest that YJT might be effective in treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

This Dietary cholesterol augments lipid profile and primes production and activation of platelets, leading to development of atherosclerosis which produce several detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. Ethnomedicine and Mediterranean diet are natural sources and cost effective modes against several ailments including cardiovascular diseases while fermented foods have gained interest due to their increased nutrient profile, enhanced bioavailability and efficacy. Garlic has been known to reduce cholesterol and inhibit platelet activation. We examined whether fermented garlic ameliorates effects of hypercholesterolemia and platelet functions in rats. Methodology: Male SD rats were fed with hypercholesterolemia diet and treated with spirulina, fermented and non-fermented preparations of garlic for one month. Platelet aggregation and granule secretion were assessed to evaluate platelet activation. Liver and kidney weights, lipid and enzymatic profile of serum and whole blood analysis was performed. Expressions of SREBP, ACAT-2 and HMG-CoA were assessed using RT-PCR while liver and adipose tissues were analyzed for histological changes. Both fermented and non-fermented garlic inhibited platelet aggregation and granule secretion while fermented garlic showed greater inhibitor tendency. Fermented garlic significantly reduced liver weight and triglycerides concentrations than non-fermented garlic. Similarly, fermented garlic greatly abrogated the detrimental effects of steatosis on liver and adipose tissues. Fermented garlic significantly improved lipid profile and modulated platelet functions, thereby inhibiting atherosclerosis and platelet related cardiovascular disorders.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2000

In this study, a potential mechanism through which the hesperidin might work on the effect was examined in vivo. Male rats were fed a high cholesterol synthetic diet (1%, wt/wt) with hesperidin (0.1%, wt/wt) for 42 days. Activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase was significantly lowered by the hesperidin supplement compared to the control. Hesperidin did not significantly alter plasma or hepatic lipids, but tended to lower those lipid levels. Hesperidin also subsequently reduced the fecal neutral sterols compared to the control(253.3mg/d vs.521.9 mg/d). The inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase resulting from the hesperidin supplementation could count for the reduction in fecal neutral sterols that appears to compensate for the decreased cholesterol biosynthesis. The dose of hesperidin in a high choles-terol diet should apparently be more than 0.1% to exhibit the hypocholesterolemic response in these rats. It remains to be determined whether the observed alterations in cholesterol metabolism are specific to the rat or also could be applied to the humans.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.557-563
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• 2017

Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) is a perennial parasitic plant that has a unique lifestyle of being in a symbiotic interaction with fungi. The underground root of Gastrodia is used for medicinal treatment to cure high blood pressure, stroke, leukemia, headaches, and especially neurasthenia. This study is intended to investigate the effect of the global warming on the ecological responses of Gastrodia. We cultivated the small tuber of Gastrodia with the oak wood lot and mulberry fungus under control (ambient $CO_2$ concentration + ambient temperature, ACAT), temperature treatment (ambient $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature, ACET), and $CO_2$+temperature treatment (elevated $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature, ECET). The elevated $CO_2$ concentration was about twice in the ambient air while the elevated temperature was about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than the control group. And then we observed the growth and production of reproductive organs and the underground root. The observation showed that the number of flower stalk was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The flower stalk was longest at ACET and shortest at ECET. The inflorescence was longest at ACAT and shortest at ECET. The seed capsule was heaviest at ACET and lightest at ECET. The aboveground biomass was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The number of rhizomes was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The total rhizome biomass was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The average rhizome biomass was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The results showed that the growth of Gastrodia increased because of more active growth of Gastrodia elata when only the temperature increased and decreased when both $CO_2$ concentration and temperature increased, indicating the poor growth of Gastrodia elata under the global warming condition. Therefore, the Gastrodia elata plantation should be maintained at the temperature of $20-25^{\circ}C$ and not be exposed to a high $CO_2$ concentration.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.223-227
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• 2009

The fruits of Cornus kousa Burg. were extracted with 80% aqueous methanol (MeOH) and the concentrated extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and $H_2O$. From the EtOAc traction, 5 triterpenoids were isolated through repeated silica gel ($SiO_2$), octadecyl silica gel (ODS), and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (c.c.). These compounds were determined to be ursolic acid (1), corosolic acid (2), taraxasterol (3), betulinic acid (4), and betulinic aldehyde (5) on the basis of their spectroscopic data including electronic ionization mass spectrometry, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. This is the first reported isolation of these compounds from this plant. Also, compounds 1, 3, 4, and 5 show a relatively high inhibitory activity against human acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (hACAT-1) with inhibition values of $52.8{\pm}0.7$, $91.1{\pm}0.4$, $93.0{\pm}0.7$, and $96.2{\pm}0.2%$ at a concentration of $100{\mu}M$, respectively.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.432-442
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• 2008

Objective : Ssanggang-tang(SGT) is noted as an effective method to treat hyperlipidemia in China. The main purpose of this study was analysis of the effects of Ssanggang-tang(SGT) on rats induced with caused hyperlipidemia. Methods : We observed 3 experimental groups: normal, control, and SGT. Rats were provided a normal diet in the normal group, and the other groups were provided a hyperlipidemic diet to induce hyperlipidemia. After 2 weeks, SGT was treated in the SGT group. For 6 weeks, values related to hyperlipidemia were observed in the 3 experimental groups. Results : SGT decreased some values related to hyperlipidemia like total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL cholesterol), triglyceride, acetocoenzyme A acetyltransferase(ACAT), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase(HMG-CoA reductase). However, it showed no effect on weight change or high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL cholesterol). Conclusion : These results suggest that SGT might be effective in treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 2014

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers esterified in diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich oil on lipid metabolism was investigated. Since dietary DAG has been known to induce the regression of atherosclerosis, CLA-DAG and olive-DAG oils containing similar levels of DAG (51.4~54.2%) were synthesized from olive oil. Hyperlipidemic C57BL/6J mice were then fed high-fat high-cholesterol diets supplemented with these oils (5% each) for 7 wk. The CLA-DAG diet containing 2.1% CLA isomers (0.78% c9,t11-CLA; 1.18% t10,c12-CLA) remarkably increased the levels of total plasma cholesterol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) along with hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) contents. Furthermore, the CLA-DAG diet inhibited fat uptake into adipose tissue whereas fat deposition (especially in the liver) was increased, resulting in the development of fatty livers. Hepatic fatty acid composition in the CLA-DAG mice was different from that of the olive-DAG mice, showing higher ratios of C16:1/C16:0 and C18:1/C18:0 in the liver. The activity of hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) was higher in CLA-DAG mice while plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were lower in CLA-DAG mice compared to the olive-DAG animals. Results of the present study suggest that CLA incorporation into DAG oil could induce atherosclerosis in mice.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.703-715
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• 2008

This experiments was performed to determine the effects of Gangzitongmaekeum(降脂通脈飮 : GTE) on antioxidation activity and hyperlipidemia induced by hypercholesterolemic diet in mice. The results obtained were as follows : 1. GTE showed a safety in cytotoxicity and toxicity of human fibroblast cells and liver. 2. GTE showed DPPH scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS). 3. GTE treated mice showed body and liver weight decrease, compared to the hyperlipidemia-induced control group. 4. GTE decreased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels significantly, but HDL cholesterol levels not significantly. 5. GTE decreased triglyceride levels significantly. 6. Glucose levels in GTE treated mice significantly decreased compared to the hyperlipidemia-induced control group. 7. Albumin levels in GTE treated mice were similar with the hyperlipidemia-induced control group. 8. The lipophagy in liver compared with the control group tended to be decreased in GTE treated mice. In the change of aorta, the cell was regular and boundary of vessel wall was clear, compared to the hyperlipidemia-induced control group. 9. TBARS levels in GTE treated mice significantly decreased compared to the hyperlipidemia-induced control group. 10. The change of SOD and catalase activity significantly increased compared to the hyperlipidemia-induced control group. 11. ACAT mRNA level and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels in GTE treated mice significantly decreased compared to the hyperlipidemia-induced control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Gangzitongmaekeum is effective in antioxidation activity and dietary hyperlipidemia-induced mice.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.426-429
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• 2004

An easy, sensitive and rapid method for the analysis of phytol, a strong ACAT (Acyl-CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase) inhibitory diterpenoid, was established. The pre-treatment of sample for GC analysis of phytol includes aq. MeOH extraction, partition of the extracts between EtOAc and water, and filtration of organic phase through Supelclean LC-Si SPE tube. The GC analysis of phytol for a variety of Lactuca sativa was carried out on DB-5 capillary column with flame ionization detector (FID). The consistency in phytol contents according to each variety was not shown. Especially, Jeoktoma, as RS-2 type, showed the highest phytol content.