• 정신신체의학
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2020

연구목적 산후우울증은 일반적으로 산모의 10~15%에서 발병하는 질환으로 그 원인으로는 정신사회적인 요인과 산과적인 요인이 모두 관계 있다고 알려져 있다. 감염, 손상, 악성종양, 자가면역질환, 스트레스에 의해 면역체계가 자극되면 proinflammatory cytokine과 anti-inflammatory cytokine이 생성되고 분비된다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 산후우울증이 있는 경우 산후우울증이 없는 군에 비해 혈중 Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), β-Nerve growth factor (β-NGF), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)의 농도가 상승되어 있을 것이라 가정하고, 임산부에서의 우울증의 경과에 따라 cytokine의 농도의 변화를 알아보고자 한다. 방 법 본 연구는 총 104 명의 임산부와 60명의 임신을 하지 않은 정상 대조군을 대상으로 하였다. 우울 증상은 임신 24주, 출산 1주, 출산 6주에 에딘버러 산후 우울 척도(EPDS)를 사용하여 평가하였다. EPDS의 총 점수가 10 이상인 경우, 우울증상이 있는 것으로 판단하였으며 EPDS 점수 변화에 따라 임산부 정상대조군, 출산 후 우울-회복군, 출산 후 우울군 세 그룹으로 나누었다. 결 과 임신군과 비임신 정상대조군을 비교하였을 때 TGF-β1, IGF-1의 혈장 농도는 임신군에서 비임신 정상대조군보다 더 높았다(TGF-β1 ; p<0.01, IGF-1 ; p=0.026). 그러나 β-NGF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α는 비임신 여성대조군에 비해 임산부 정상대조군에서 그 농도가 낮게 측정되었다(β-NGF ; p=0.001, IL-2 ; p<0.01, IL-4 ; p<0.01, IL-6 ; p<0.01, IFN-γ ; p<0.01, TNF-α ; p<0.01) 임신 24주에 TGF-β1, IGF-1, β-NGF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α의 농도를 살펴보면 임산부 정상대조군, 출산 후 우울-회복군, 출산 후 우울군 세 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었으며 출산 6주에도 역시 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 임신 24주, 출산 6주에 시간에 따른 농도 차이를 비교해 보았을 때 세 군에서 모두 그 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결 론 본 연구는 비임신 정상대조군과 임신군간의 혈장 cytokine 농도에서 유의한 차이를 발견했으나 산후우울증군과 정상 임신대조군간의 혈장 cytokine 농도는 유의한 차이를 밝혀내지는 못했다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.470-474
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• 2005

The efficiency of a short-term treatment with an intravaginal device containing progesterone (CIDR) combined with pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and prostaglandin analogue ($PGF_{2\alpha}$) was evaluated for the induction of estrus, initiation of cyclic activity, and fertility in postpartum suckled yak cows. Seventy-five postpartum suckled yak cows were assigned to three treatments: (1) insertion of a CIDR intravaginal progesterone (1.9 g) (day 0), an administration of $PGF_{2\alpha}$ (0.2 mg i.m.) on day 6 and PMSG (1,000 IU i.m.) at the time of CIDR withdrawal on day 7 (CPP group, n=28); (2) an administration of $PGF_{2\alpha}$ (0.2 mg i.m.) on day 6 and PMSG (1,000 IU i.m.) on day 7 (PP group, n=21); (3) untreated animals served as the control (CG group, n=26). Seven yak bulls were placed in pastures with the cows for natural mating. Estrus rate in the CPP group (28/28) was higher (p<0.01) than in the PP group (6/21) and in the CG group (0/26) within 96 h after the end of treatment. The first service conception rate in the CPP group (21/28) was higher (p<0.01) compared with in the PP group (2/9) as judged by serum $P_4$ concentration $\geq$2.35 ng/ml on day 21 after breeding. It is concluded that a short-term progesterone treatment combined with PMSG and prostaglandin increased the proportion of yak cows that exhibited behavioral estrus with more synchronized estrus response and satisfactory conception rate in postpartum suckled yak cows.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.846-851
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• 2003

배경: 좌상엽에 발생한 비소세포형 폐암에서 aortic node전이 양상에 따른 생존율을 분석하여 임상적 의의를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1991년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 좌상엽에 발생한 비소세포형 폐암으로 페엽절제술 이상의 수술을 받은 환자 중 수술 전 항암 화학요법 또는 방사선 치료를 받은 환자와 수술 사망 환자를 제외한 156명을 대상으로 후향적 연구를 하였다. 결과: 종격동임파절 전이 중 aortic node로의 전이는 52.7%였으며, 단일 부위(single station) 전이 중 aortic node로만 전이된 경우는 64.3%였다. N 병기에 따른 5년 생존율은 N0 65.0%, Nl 30.4%, N2 17.9%였으며, Nl 병기와 N2 병기 간에는 생존율의 차이를 관찰할 수 없었다(p=0.06). N2 병기 중 aortic node에만 전이된 경우 5년 생존율 35.6%로 다른 종격동임파절에 전이된 경우(5년 생존율 4.6%)보다 생존율이 높았으며 (p=0.01), Nl 병기와 비교 시 비슷한 생존율을 보였다(p=0.97). Aortic node를 Nl 임파절로 재분류하였을 때 N 병기별 5년 생존율은 N0 65.0%, Nl 11.2%, N2 4.6%로 Nl 병기와 N2 병기 간에 뚜렷한 생존율의 차이를 관찰할 수 있었다(p=0.00). 다변량 분석 시 aortic node에만 전이된 경우(hazard ratio 2.799, p=0.009), 남자(hazard ratio 6.892, p=0.011)가 술 후 생존에 영향을 미치는 의미있는 인자였다. 결론: 좌상엽 종양에서 aortic node에만 전이된 경우 외과적 절제 시 Nl 병기와 비슷한 생존율을 가지며, 따라서 치료 방침의 결정 시 이를 Nl 임파절로 간주하는 것이 타당하다고 생각한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1039-1048
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether leptin is a metabolic signal for gonadotropin secretion in ewes. In the first experiment, twenty-eight cyclic Chal ewes were assigned randomly to an energy restricted, no leptin group (ERNL) (60% of maintenance; n = 14) and an energy normal, no leptin group (ENNL) (100% of maintenance; n = 14) for 71 days (6 estrous cycles). Estrus was synchronized with seven consecutive injections of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ Biweekly, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were determined and blood samples were collected to measure plasma leptin concentration. Blood samples were also taken to determine plasma progesterone concentration twice weekly. After each PG injection from the second injection to the end of experiment, four ewes were selected and blood samples were collected at 20 minutes and at hourly intervals for 3 h to detect plasma LH and FSH concentration. In the second experiment, after the ceasing of the estrous cycle caused by energy restriction, six acyclic ewes were selected and randomly allotted to two groups (n = 3) and received the following treatment for four days. Ewes in an energy restricted, leptin group (ERL) were fed with a ration which provided 60% of maintenance energy requirements and intravenously injected with $4{\mu}g$ leptin/kg BW daily. Ewes in an energy excess, no leptin group (EENL) were fed with a ration that provided 180% (120%+60%) of maintenance energy requirements and intravenously injected with 1 ml saline daily. In both groups, blood samples were collected at 20 minutes and at hourly intervals for 3 h before feeding on d 0 and d 5, and for 3 h before and after injections as above on d 2 and d 4 to detect plasma LH and FSH concentration. In the first experiment, BW and BCS from the $2^{nd}$ estrous cycle, and leptin from the $3^{rd}$ estrous cycle to the end of the experiment significantly (p<0.05) decreased. In ERNL ewes, mean plasma concentrations of FSH significantly (p<0.01) decreased from the $4^{th}$ estrous cycle to d 71 and LH pulsatile secretion was suppressed on d 71, so that, mean plasma concentrations of LH (p<0.05), LH pulse frequency (p<0.01) and LH pulse amplitude (p<0.05) significantly decreased. In the second experiment, injection of leptin significantly increased mean circulating concentrations of LH (p<0.05), LH pulse frequency (p<0.01), LH pulse amplitude (p<0.05) and mean circulating concentrations of FSH (p<0.01) and leptin (p<0.01). High energy intake significantly (p<0.05) stimulated pulsatile secretion of LH and leptin secretion (p<0.01), but non-significantly increased plasma FSH concentration. The results of this study indicate that leptin is a metabolic signal for the GnRH-LH/FSH axis in feed-restricted fat-tailed ewes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.536-542
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• 2007

The responses of whole body protein and glucose kinetics and of nitrogen (N) metabolism to non-protein energy intake (NPEI) were determined using an isotope dilution approach and measurement of N balance in three adult male goats. The diets containing 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times ME maintenance requirement, with fixed intake of CP (1.5 times maintenance) and percentage of hay (33%), were fed twice daily for each 21 d experimental period. After an adaptation period of 11 d, N balance was determined over 3 d. On day 17, whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) and glucose irreversible loss rate (ILR) were determined during the absorptive state by a primed-continuous infusion of [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine, [$^2H_2$]tyrosine, [$^2H_4$]tyrosine and [$^{13}C_6$]glucose, with simultaneous measurements of plasma concentrations of metabolites and insulin. Ruminal characteristics were also measured at 6 h after feeding over 3 d. Nitrogen retention tended to increase (p<0.10) with increasing NPEI, although digestible N decreased linearly (p<0.05). Increasing NPEI decreased (p<0.01) ammonia N concentration, but increased acetate (p<0.05) and propionate (p<0.05) concentrations in the rumen. Despite decreased plasma urea N concentration (p<0.01), increased plasma tyrosine concentration (p<0.05), and trends toward increased plasma total amino N (p<0.10) and phenylalanine concentrations (p<0.10) were found in response to increasing NPEI. Increasing NPEI increased ILR of both glucose (p<0.01) and phenylalanine (p<0.05), but did not affect ($p{\geq}0.10$) that of tyrosine. Whole body protein synthesis increased (p<0.05) in response to increasing NPEI, resulting from increased utilization rate for protein synthesis (p<0.05) and unchanged hydroxylation rate of phenylalanine ($p{\geq}0.10$). These results suggest that increasing NPEI may enhance WBPS and glucose turnover at the absorptive state and improve the efficiency of digestible N retention in goats, with possibly decreased ammonia and increased amino acid absorption. In addition, simultaneous increases in WBPS and glucose ILR suggest stimulatory effect of glucose availability on WBPS, especially when sufficient amino acid is supplied.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.979-983
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• 1988

Calcium channel blockers may prevent myocardial injury during cardioplegia and reperfusion. This study was done to evaluate the effects of diltiazem cardioplegia on myocardial protection during ischemic arrest and recovery of myocardial function after reperfusion. Four formulations of crystalloid cardioplegic solutions, GIK solution[group I, n=12], diltiazem[lug/ml GIK] in GIK solution[group II, n=7], ],diltiazem[2ug/ml GIK] in GIK solution[group III, n=6] and diltiazem[4ug/ml GIK] in GIK solution[group IV, n=6] were compared in isolated working rat heart subjected to a long period [2 hours] of hypothermic arrest with multi-dose infusion. Diltiazem cardioplegia[group II, III and IV]was found to be superior in nearly all aspects. Diltiazem cardioplegia showed faster recovery of regular rhythm and lower incidence of ventricular fibrillation than group I did. In comparing mechanical function in all experimental hearts, the mean postischemic recoveries of aortic flow, cardiac output, peak aortic pressure, stroke volume and stroke work[expressed as a percentage of its preischemic control] were significantly greater in group II, III and IV[diltiazem cardioplegia] than in group I. The infused amount of cardioplegic solution was more increased by the addition of diltiazem to GI K solution. [p < 0.01] Creatine kinase leakage tended to be lower in hearts receiving diltiazem cardioplegia, especially in group III and IV[p<0.05] than in those receiving GIK solution only[group I]. Diltiazem cardioplegia results in the increased flow of cardioplegic solution and the decreased ischemic injury of myocardium during ischemic arrest and the improved recovery of myocardial function after reperfusion, and a dose-response relation must be established before clinical use.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2017

Objective: This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the stability of mandibular arch orthodontic treatment outcomes between passive self-ligating and conventional systems during 6 months of retention. Methods: Forty-seven orthodontic patients with mild to moderate crowding malocclusions not requiring extraction were recruited based on inclusion criteria. Patients (mean age $21.58{\pm}2.94years$) were randomized into two groups to receive either passive self-ligating ($Damon^{(R)}$ 3MX, n = 23) or conventional system (Gemini MBT, n = 24) orthodontic treatment. Direct measurements of the final sample comprising 20 study models per group were performed using a digital caliper at the debonding stage, and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after debonding. Paired t-test, independent t-test, and non-parametric test were used for statistical analysis. Results: A significant increase (p < 0.01) in incisor irregularity was observed in both self-ligating and conventional system groups. A significant reduction (p < 0.01) in second interpremolar width was observed in both groups. Mandibular arch length decreased significantly (p = 0.001) in the conventional system group but not in the self-ligating system group. A similar pattern of stability was observed for intercanine width, first interpremolar width, intermolar width, and arch depth throughout the 6-month retention period after debonding. Comparison of incisor irregularity and arch dimension changes between self-ligating system and conventional system groups during the 6 months were non-significant. Conclusions: The stability of treatment outcomes for mild to moderate crowding malocclusions was similar between the self-ligating system and conventional system during the first 6 months of retention.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2007

고려홍삼이 HIV-1 감염자에게서 바이러스의 활발한 증식으로 유발된 면역계의 과활성화를 장기간에 걸쳐 억제하는지 살펴보기 위해 면역 활성화 지표인 soluble CD8항원(sCD8)을 측정하였다. HIV-1 감염 대조군 49명, zidovudine (ZDV) 복용군 22명, KRG 복용군 48명, KRG와 ZDV 병용군(49명)을 대상으로 하였다. HIV-1 감염 대조군에서는 혈청 sCD8 농도가 31-48개월 동안 33% 증가하였으며(P < 0.05), sCD8/CD8+T 림프구 비도 $21{\pm}13$개월동안 54% 증가하였다(P < 0.001). ZDV 복용군에서는 혈청 sCD8농도가 초기 6개월 동안은 감소하였으나 그 이후로는 서서히 증가하였으며, sCD8/CD8+T 림프구 비도 증가하였다. KRG 복용군은 sCD8 농도가 31-48개월 동안 45% 감소하였으며(P < 0.01), sCD8/CD8+T 림프구 비도 $19\;{\pm}\;11$개월 동안 19% 감소하였다(P < 0.05). 병용군에서는 sCD8 농도가 31-48개월 동안 29%(P < 0.01) 감소하였다. 추적관찰 기간 동안 각 군간의 sCD8 농도 변화가 명확한 차이를 보였으며, KRG 복용군에서는 ZDV 복용군에서 관찰된 'rebound현상'(sCD8이 초기에 감소하다가 다시 증가하는 경향)이 없었다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서는 HIV-1 감염환자에서 KRG를 장기간 복용시켰을 경우 sCD8 농도가 지속적으로 감소하여, KRG가 면역계의 소모적인 과활성화 상태를 방지함을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.427-431
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• 1993

Rectal fecal samples from zebu cattle (Bos indicus) at Savar, Dhaka, were collected in every two months of the year from March, 1987 to February, 1988 and were examined using Stoll's dilution technique. Out of a total of 737 fecal samples examined in six periods, 589 (79.9%) samples were found to be positive for one or more helminths. Overall prevalences for fasciola, paramphistome, schistosome, strongylids, ascaris, strongyloides, trichuris and capillaria infestations were respectively 19.5%, 48.0%, 5.9%, 52.2%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 5.5% and 12.7%. Prevalences of fasciola, paramphistome and schistosome infestations were significantly (p<0.01) higher from middle of August to December. Strogylids, trichuris and capillaria infestations were significantly (p<0.01) higher from July to October, although strongylids infestation also increased during January-February. Significantly (p<0.01) higher fasciola and paramphistome infestations were observed in animals after one year of age, whereas strongylids, ascaris, strongyloides and trichuris infestations were significantly (p<0.01) higher in cattle upto one year of age. Fasciola infestation was significantly (p<0.01) higher in female cattle and significantly (p<0.05) higher strongylids infestation was found in males.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2019

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Zingiberis Rhizoma Pharmacopuncture(ZP) at GB30 and ST36 in neuropathic pain induced SD rats by the block of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1(TRPV1). Methods : Neuropathic pain in rats was induced by tibial and common peroneal nerve transection of right leg. The rat subjects were divided into 6 groups : normal(Nor, n=5), control(Con, n=5), neuropathic pain plus 2 mg/kg ZP injection at GB30 and ST36(ZP-A, n=5), 10 mg/kg ZP(ZP-B, n=5), 20 mg/kg ZP(ZP-C, n=5) and 0.45 mg/kg Tramadol(Tra, n=5). Three days after the surgery, injections were administered once a day for 17 days. Withdrawal response of neuropathic rats' legs were measured by stimulating the paw of Right leg with von frey filament, acetone and radient heat on day 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 after surgery. After all treatments were completed, c-Fos in the midbrain central gray and TRPV1 & TRPA1 of DRG(L5) were analyzed. Results : Groups ZP-B and ZP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia compared to the control group(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Groups ZP-B and ZP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the expression of c-fos and TRPV1 protein level compared to the control group(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Conclusions : These results suggest that Zingiberis Rhizoma Pharmacopuncture at GB30 and ST36 could decrease mechanical & cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia by block the TRPV1 on the model of neuropathic pain.