• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.85-99
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• 2014

Sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant weeds of eight annual weeds, Monochoria vaginalis, Scirpus juncoides and Cyperus difformis, etc., and four perennial weeds, Scirpus planiculmis, Sagittaria pigmaea, Eleocharis acicularis and Sagittaria trifolia as of 2013 since identification Monochoria korsakowii in the reclaimed rice field in 1998. And the resistant Echinochloa oryzoides to ACCase and ALS inhibitors has been confirmed in rice fields of the southern province, Korea in 2009. In the beginning, the M. vaginalis, S. juncoides and C. difformis of these SU-resistant weeds were rapidly and individually spreaded in different fields, however, these resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same filed recently. The resistant biotype by weed species demonstrated about 10-to 1,000-fold resistance, based on $GR_{50}$ values of the SU herbicides tested. And the resistant biotype of E. oryzoides to cyhalofop-butyl, pyriminobac-methyl, and penoxsulam was about 14, 8, and 11 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype base on $GR_{50}$ values. The products and applied area of SU-included herbicides have been increased rapidly, and have accounted for about 69% and 96% in Korea, respectively. In Korea, the main cause of SU-resistant weed is extensive use of these herbicides. The top ten herbicides by applied area were composed of all SU-included herbicides by 2003. The concentrated and successive treatment of ACCase and ALS inhibitors for control of barnyardgrass in rice led up to the resistance of E. oryzoides. Also, SU-herbicides like pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and imazosulfuron which effective to barnyardgrass can be bound up with the resistance of E. oryzoides. The ALS activity isolated from the resistant biotype of M. korsakowii to SU-herbicides tested was less sensitive than that of susceptible biotype. The concentration of herbicide required for 50% inhibition of ALS activity ($I_{50}$) of the SU-resistant M. korsakowii was 14-to 76-fold higher as compared to the susceptible biotype. No differences were observed in the rates of [$^{14}C$]bensulfuron uptake and translocation. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes from M. vaginalis resistant and susceptible biotypes against SU-herbicides revealed a single amino acid substitution of proline (CCT), at 197th position based on the M. korsakowii ALS sequence numbering, to serin (TCT) in conserved domain A of the gene. Carfentrazone-ethyl and pyrazolate were used mainly to control SU-resistant M. vaginalis by 2006 in Korea. However, the alternative herbicides such as benzobicyclone, to be possible to control simultaneously the several resistant weeds, have been developing and using broadly, because the several resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same fieled. The top ten herbicides by applied area in Korea have been occupied by products of 3-way mixture type including herbicides with alternative mode of action for the herbicide resistant weeds. Mefenacet, fentrazamide and cafenstrole had excellent controlling effects on the ACCase and ALS inhibitors resistant when they were applied within 2nd leaf stage.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2014

This study is trying to grasp the stress of the male high school students and the correlation between the stress according to the oral health important cognitive and self-rated oral health status and number of brushing, emphasizing the need for the education of oral health important, providing the basic data in order to accomplish correctly until the enhance of oral health-related quality of the oral health correct behavior. From May to July 2013, a self administered survey was conducted by the selected by convenience sampling from subjects of two high school located in Chungcheongnam-do 1, 2 grade. The SPSS PASW Statistics 18.0 and Amos 5.0 program had been used for the statistical data analysis. The study results were as follow: 1) Among five areas of stress, the stress of school life was the highest as 2.11 points and the stress of home problem was the lowest as 1.51 points; 2) The significance analysis results between the five areas of stress according to the stress of latent variable and the oral health-related quality of life all showed the significant difference (p<0.001). 3) Oral health-related quality of life was higher as oral health important and self-rated oral health status positive. Furthermore oral health-related quality of life was higher as number of brushing increased; 4) Fit Measures test result of stress, academic level, and family economic level model all showed more than 0.9 in goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted GFI, normed fit index and root mean square residual and root mean square error of approximation values is all estimated less than 0.1, so it showed good model. From this study, it can be concluded that there is the correlation between stress and oral health-related quality of life.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.248-255
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• 2014

The objective of the paper is to analyze the extent to which elementary school students acquired, perceived, and practiced oral health knowledge provided by an elementary school-based oral health clinic (SBOHC). It is respectively investigated by gender and year of school. The paper will be relevant for developing specified oral health programs in elementary SBOHCs. By choosing three elementary schools that operate SBOHC in the school district of Daejeon Metropolitan City from April 11 to April 30, 2013, a self-administered questionnaire was given out to be answered directly by 350 students in the 4th, 5th, and 6th grades and their responses were collected. Of the collected responses, 326 responses were explored by using the SPSS 12.0. Those students' scores of oral health knowledge are found to be statistically meaningful for school year, not for gender. In them are included correct tooth brushing time, dental caries symptoms, gum disease symptoms, and correct tooth brushing method. Change in tooth brushing method after oral health education showed the statistically meaningful difference for gender and school year. In conclusion, every SBOHC should develop a variety of specified educational programs that depend on gender and grade in each elementary school.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2012

The dose re-calculation process using Megavoltage cone-beam CT images is inevitable process to perform the Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART). The purpose of this study is to improve dose re-calculation accuracy using MVCBCT images by applying intensity calibration method and three dimensional rigid body transform and filtering process. The three dimensional rigid body transform and Gaussian smoothing filtering process to MVCBCT Rando phantom images was applied to reduce image orientation error and the noise of the MVCBCT images. Then, to obtain the predefined modification level for intensity calibration, the cheese phantom images from kilo-voltage CT (kV CT), MVCBCT was acquired. From these cheese phantom images, the calibration table for MVCBCT images was defined from the relationship between Hounsfield Units (HUs) of kV CT and MVCBCT images at the same electron density plugs. The intensity of MVCBCT images from Rando phantom was calibrated using the predefined modification level as discussed above to have the intensity of the kV CT images to make the two images have the same intensity range as if they were obtained from the same modality. Finally, the dose calculation using kV CT, MVCBCT with/without intensity calibration was applied using radiation treatment planning system. As a result, the percentage difference of dose distributions between dose calculation based on kVCT and MVCBCT with intensity calibration was reduced comparing to the percentage difference of dose distribution between dose calculation based on kVCT and MVCBCT without intensity calibration. For head and neck, lung images, the percentage difference between kV CT and non-calibrated MVCBCT images was 1.08%, 2.44%, respectively. In summary, our method has quantitatively improved the accuracy of dose calculation and could be a useful solution to enhance the dose calculation accuracy using MVCBCT images.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.59-76
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the teaching/learning process plan of 'housing culture and practical space use' for home economics in middle school according to the problem based learning(PBL) model. The plan consisting of 4-lessons has been developed and implemented following the steps of ADDIE model. Various activity materials (4 scenarios, 6 individual activity sheets, 10 reading texts, and 5 working resources) and visual materials (4 sets of ppt and 4 moving pictures) as well as questionnaire were developed for the 4-session lessons. The plans were implemented to a single class of 21 junior students at H middle school in rural area, Kyeongnam, from 1^st to 12^th of April, 2019. Students highly enjoyed and were satisfied with the whole 4-lessons in aspects such as understanding of the contents, adequacy of materials and activities, and usefulness in one's own daily life. Additionally, they have more actively participated in the lessons than usual and even interested in learning more of such lessons. Students also reported that they highly accomplished the goal of each lesson as well as overall objectives. They showed interest in the major part of PBL lesson such as scenario and group activities. And they engaged themselves in drawing the share housing space plan with '5D planner' web program which they described as the best part of the lessons. The teaching/learning process plan developed in this study may be used as a theme of maker education, which is emerging these days. It can be concluded that the PBL teaching/learning process plans for 'housing values and practical space use' would contribute to improving students' attitude on living with others and ability to manage one's individual life.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.39-57
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• 2012

Analysis of the economic impact on Korean bioindustry companies was approached after Korea access to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (hereinafter 'the Protocol') enters into force. Cost analysis of the economic impact is based on the size of bioindustry market, dependency ratio on genetic resources abroad, ABS (Access and Benefit Sharing) ratio for royalty ratio. Korean bioindustry companies would have had to pay extra ABS cost around 1.3-6.0 billion won for using genetic resources abroad, if the Protocol had entered into force in 2009. And this cost is estimated to be around 13.6 - 63.9 billion won in 2015. All ABS costs account only about less than 0.01% of total Korean bioindustry volume of target years. These show us that joining the Protocol will not significantly impact the bioindustry market in Korea. If the Protocol enters into force, genetic resources users have to pay PIC (Prior Informed Consent) and MAT (Mutually Agreed Terms) cost before accessing the genetic resources outside of their country, regardless of the accession status of the country. This ABS costs and terms on provided genetic resources will be determined by compliance between genetic resources users and providers. As a genetic resources provider, Korean bioindustry companies will have advantage over technology transfer agreements, royalties, licensing agreements, and taxes on profits from patents including traditional knowledge. Also, Korean bioindustry companies are expected to get various socio-economic benefits such as patent litigation and regulatory proceedings as a genetic resources provider. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the Protocol that Korean bioindustry companies will face together, the socio-economic impact of the Nagoya Protocol on Korean bioindustry companies is negligible regardless of the accession status of Korea to the Nagoya Protocol.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1181-1186
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• 2013

Due to climate change, the occurrence of abnormal weather conditions has become more frequent, causing damage to vegetable crops grown in Korea. Hot pepper, Chinese cabbage and radish, the three most popular vegetables in Korea, are produced more in the field than in the greenhouse. It has been a trend that the time for field transplanting of seedlings is getting earlier and earlier as the spring temperatures keep rising. Seedlings transplanted too early in the spring take a longer time to resume the normal growth, because they are exposed to suboptimal temperature conditions. This study examined the influence of air temperature during seedling growth on the time required to reach the first fruit maturity and yield of hot pepper. Seedling plants of 'Super Manita' hot pepper was grown in temperatures $2.5^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$ lower than the optimum temperature (determined by the average of temperatures for the past 5 years). Seedlings were transplanted into round plastic containers (30-cm diam., 45-cm height) and were placed in growth chambers in which the ambient temperature was controlled under natural sunlight. The growth of seedlings under lowered temperatures was reduced compared to the control. The mineral (K, Mg, P, N) concentrations in the leaf tissues were higher when plants were grown with the ambient temperature $2.5^{\circ}C$ lower than the optimum, regardless of changes in other growth parameters. Tissue calcium (Ca) concentration was the highest in the plants grown with optimum temperature. The carbohydrate to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, which was the highest (18.3) in the plants grown with optimum temperature, decreased concomitantly as the ambient temperature was lowered $2.5^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$. The yield of the early harvested fruits was also reduced as the ambient temperature became lower. The first fruit harvest date for the plants grown with optimum temperature (June 27) was 13 days and 40 days, respectively, earlier than that in plants grown with $2.5^{\circ}C$ (July 10) and $5.0^{\circ}C$ (Aug 6) lower ambient temperatures. The fruit yield per plant for the optimum temperature (724 g) was the greatest compared to those grown with $2.5^{\circ}C$ (446 g) and $5.0^{\circ}C$ (236 g) lower temperatures. The result of this study suggests that the growers should be cautioned not to transplant their hot pepper seedlings too early into the field, since it may delay the time of first harvest eventually reducing total fruit yield.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1992

Background: Massive hemoptysis is a major clinical and surgical problem related to high motality. Bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries are considered to be the main source of hemoptysis. Embolization of these arteries has become an accepted treatment in the management of massive hemoptysis. Herein we evaluate the effect of arterial embolization in immediate control of massive hemoptysis and investigate the clinical and angiographic characteristics and the course of patients with recurrent hemoptysis after initial successful embolization. Method: 21 patients (15 men & women, aged 21 to 74 years) underwent transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of life-threatening massive hemoptysis from Jan 1988 to July 1991. Seven patients had inactive residual pulmonary tuberculosis, 5 cases aspergilloma, 4 cases active pulmonary tuberculosis, 3 cases bronchiectasis and 2 case lung cancer. Arteriography was done by percutaneous catheterization via the femoral artery, and at the same time, arterial embolization was done with gelfoam particle. Result: Immediate control of massive hemoptysis was achieved in all 21 cases by arterial embolization. Hemoptysis recurred in nine of 21 patients. Four cases were aspergilloma, two inactive tuberculosis, two lung cancer, and one bronchiectasis. The initial angiographic findings revealed that nonbronchial systemic arterial supply, bronchial-pulmonary arterial shunt, and marked vascularity were more frequently, but statistically insignificant, in recurred patients. The following complications occured: fever, chest pain, cough, voiding difficulty, paralytic ileus, paraplegia, and splenic infarction. The course of the recurred patients was as follows: Three patients were died due to recurred massive hemoptysis. one was aspergilloma and two lung cancer. Surgical resection could be performed successfully in two patient with relatively good lung function, one aspergilloma and the other inactive tuberculosis. In 4 patients with poor lung function, repeated embolization or medical conservative treatment was continued. Conclusion: Arterial embolization as initial treatment of massive hemoptysis is most useful and relatively safe, although this is a palliative procedure and the potentiality for recurrence exists. Repeated embolization in inoperable patient with recurrent bleeding may improve the lengthening of life.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.199-209
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• 2003

Background : Unexplained weight loss, which commonly occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), is important because weight loss is an independent risk factor of mortality and morbidity in these patients. Leptin is known to play an important role in regulating body weight. In addition, the tumor necrosis factor($TNF-{\alpha}$) might also play a potential role in the weight loss experienced in chronic wasting disease. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of plasma leptin and the circulating $TNF-{\alpha}$ system to the difference in the body compositions in patients with COPD. Methods : Spirometry, body composition analysis and the plasma concentrations of leptin, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and a soluble TNF receptor (STNF-R55, -R75) were measured in 31 patients with chronic bronchitis and 10 patients with emphysema. The COPD subtype was classified by the transfer coefficient of carbon monoxide, DLco/VA. Results : The circulating levels of leptin were significantly lower in those patients with emphysema($108.5{\pm}39.37pg/ml$) than those with chronic bronchitis($180.9{\pm}57.7pg/ml$). The circulating levels of sTNF-R55 were significantly higher in the emphysema patients($920.4{\pm}116.4pg/ml$) than in those with chronic bronchitis($803.2{\pm}80.8pg/ml$). There was no relationship between the circulating leptin levels and the activated TNF system in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. However, the circulating leptin levels correlated well with the BMI and fat mass in both patient groups. Conclusion : These results suggest that the weight loss noted in emphysema patients may be associated with the activation of the $TNF-{\alpha}$ system rather than the plasma leptin level.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.198-206
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• 2008

Background: Tracheobronchial suctioning using the closed suctioning system has physiological benefits for critically ill patients. Despite these benefits, there are concerns about increased colonization of tracheobronchial tree by pathogenic organisms. The cost is another hinder to the introduction of closed suction system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of colonization and ventilator associated pneumonia and the cost-effectiveness of closed suction compared with open suction. Methods: During separated one month period, patients admitted MICU were cared by multiple-use, open suction, single-use, open suction and multiple-use, closed suction method, consecutively. Costs, colonization of tracheobronchial tree by MRSA and the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were analyzed. Results: One-hundred and six patients were enrolled. Twenty patients were treated with multiple-use, open suction, while 42 and 44 patients were cared with single-use, open catheter and multiple-use, closed catheter, respectively. Colonization by MRSA and the incidence of VAP were not different among three ways of suctioning. The overall costs per patient per day for suctioning were $10.58 for multiple-use, open suction, $28.27 for single-use, open suction and $23.76 for multiple-use, closed suction. Conclusion: Multiple-use, closed suctioning, when suction catheters were changed every 48 hrs, has the similar incidence of colonization of MRSA and occurrence of VAP and is a cost-efficient way of endotracheal suction.