• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.698-704
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• 2009

To evaluate a potential possibility of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver as a functional food, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitory activities of leaf, bark, stem and 4 compounds isolated from E. ulmoides were tested. The 4 compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and reverse phase column chromatography. Compound I was pinoresinol-4,4'di-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (PG) and compound II was dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4,${\gamma}$'-di-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (DAG) originating from Eucommial Cortex. The highest amount of PC was present at raw and roasted bark as 135.13 mg% and 163.67 mg%, and the highest amount of DAG was present at raw and roasted leaf as 117.93 mg% and 133.93 mg% respectively. In an ACE inhibition test, 10 mg/ml of roasted leaf, raw and roasted bark extracts of E. ulmoides Oliver were 77.49%, 75.72% and 75.36% respectively, and 10mg/ml of PC and DAG were shown to be 78.51 and 81.20% respectively. $IC_{50}$ values of PG and DAG were 0.6${\pm}$0.2 and 0.5${\pm}$0.2 mg/ml respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2012

The objective of the present study was to isolate and identify infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) from broiler and layer chickens of outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in three districts of Bangladesh. A total of 70 bursal samples were collected from dead broiler (n=40) and layer (n=30) chickens showing specific lesions of IBD from seven commercial poultry farms of three different districts (Mymensingh, Chittagong and Tangail) of Bangladesh during the year 2007. Five representative bursal samples from each farm were used for the isolation of IBDVs using 9-day-old embryonated eggs of seronegative flock of layer birds and for identification the samples were subjected to agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Out of 35 bursal samples, IBDVs were successfully isolated from 28 (80%) samples. By AGIDT, 32 (91.4%) samples were found positive for IBDV antigen. Results of AGIDT clearly indicated that IBDVs detected in 29 bursal samples of six affected farms were identical to each other but not to IBDVs present in the remaining three samples of another farm. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining of the bursal sections revealed the presence of IBDV antigen in 32 (91.4%) samples and the IBDV antigen was detected mainly in the cortex of the lymphoid follicles of the bursal tissues. In histopathology, cell depletion, atrophy and necrosis were observed in many bursal follicles with severe edema of interfollicular septa. Of the 35 bursal samples, 34 (97.1%) samples generated 254 bp product by RT-PCR. In conclusion, the results of virus isolation and identification by AGIDT, IHC and the analysis of viral genome by RT-PCR confirmed the outbreaks of acute IBD in commercial poultry of Bangladesh. Moreover, histopathological findings and results of AGIDT gave a clear indication that the isolates from six outbreaks were different from classical strain and it seems to be of very virulent strain. On the other hand, the isolates from the other outbreak were similar to the classical strain.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2011

Neurons utilize a large quantity of energy for their survival and function, and thereby require active mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial morphology shows dynamic changes, depending on the cellular condition, and mitochondrial dynamics are required for neuronal development and function. In this study, we found that the length of mitochondria in the distal axon is significantly shorter than that of mitochondria in dendrites or proximal axons of cerebral cortical neurons, and the reason for this difference is the local fission within the axon. We also found that suppression of Drp1, a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, resulted in significant elongation of mitochondria in axons. Collectively, these results suggest that local mitochondrial fission within the axon contributes to region-dependent mitochondrial length differences in the axons of cortical neurons.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.38-55
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to find out the anti-cancer effects of Samultang-Gami which was composed of Rehmanniae Radix(RR), Angelicae Gigantis Radix(AGR), Cnidii Rhizoma(CR), Paeoniae Radix(PR), Cortex Moutan Radicis(CMR), Hedyotis Diffusa(HD) and Caesalpinia Sappan on HeLa, HepG2 and AGS cells. Methods: Various cancer cell lines including HeLa, HepG2 and AGS cells, were used. In vitro anti-cancer effects were measured by MTT assay using cancer cell lines treated with various concentrations of 70% ethanol extract of Samultang-Gami. Expression of cell cycle arrest mediators including Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and DARP-1 proteins were measured by Western blot analysis. Results: 1. Samultang-Gami decreased the viability of HeLa and HepG cells in a dosedependent manner. 2. AGR, CMR, PR and HD decreased the viability of HeLa, HepG2 and AGS cells. 3. We could observe that the decreased Bax and Bcl-2 expression level and the increased PARP-1 expression level by Samultang-Gami extracts treated in HeLa cells. 4. We could observe that the decreased Bcl-2 expression level and the increased Bax, p53 and PARP-1 expression level by RR extracts treated in HeLa cells. and also could observe that the reduction of the protein level of Bcl-2, p53 and PARP-1 and the increase of the protein level of Bax by PR in HeLa cells. 5. We could observe that the increased p53 expression level, the decreased PARP-1's that and the unchanged Bax and Bcl-2's that by Samultang-Gami extracts treated in HepG2 cells. 6. We could observe that the reduced Bcl-2 expression level by each of RR extracts and PR extracts in HepG2 cells. 7. The treatment of Samultang-Gami in AGS cells didn't have any effect on the expression level of Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and PARP-1. 8. We could observe that the increased p53 and PARP-1 expression level by each of CR, RR and PR extracts in AGS cells. Conclusion: Taken together, we suggest that Samultang-Gami exhibits cytotoxic effects on HeLa, HepG2 and AGS cells, causing apoptosis. The results showed that Samultang-Gami may do so by regulating the expression of specific target molecules that promote efficient apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.60-69
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• 2001

Objective : Recent studies Suggested that there is a strong correlation between acupuncture stimulation and its related cortical activation. Anther study showed that either positive or negative BOLD effects could be observed depending on anatomical structure in acupuncture. Material and Methods : 1) Subjects and paradigms : Two separate stimulation paradigms were performed on five healthy (aged 22-23 yrs) in this study. First, the paradigm of acupuncture stimulation was that the acupuncture needle was inserted in acupoints KI6(照海), which is located in lateral side of the foot and then continuously twisted(補瀉를 除外한 捻轉法) for 70 seconds for 10 cycles of activation. During rest period (70 seconds), the needle was completed removed from acupoint. Total 60 cycles were performed and 10 images were obtained per cycle. Second, non-acupoint was randomly selected and the same paradigm was performed as acupoint stimulation. The stimulation protocol comprised 10 cycles of alternating activation and rest (10 images per cycle). Total 60 cycles were performed and each cycle take about 1.5 sec for motor task. Subjects take an at least 15 minutes break before starting anther paradigm. Conclusion : In this study, I investigated a new acupoint KI6(照海) which was known as motor - related acupoint and obtained an evidence that the stimulation of KI6(照海) resulted in negative BOLD response to stimulation.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2002

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign pathologic condition in which the normal cancellous bone is replaced by the fibro-osseous tissue. It is found mostly in the femur, tibia, skull, rib, and humerus. Clinically it may develops pain, progressive deformity, and pathologic fracture. Curettage with bone graft has been the most popular treatment method thesedays. A 17-year-old female who had fibrous dysplasia of the humerus combined with multiple cystic lesion was treated by intralesional steroid injection into the lesion total 2 times. The follow-up plain X-ray which was taken 11 months after steroid injection reveals decrease in size and increase in bone density and cortex thickness. The follow-up MRI reveals significant decrease in size and signal intensity. The signal intensity was decreased to that of normal bone marrow in T2 weighted image. She complains no pain and lives symptom free in last follow-up at 2 years and 8 months after steroid injection.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.225-233
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular angle in children and adolescents. The subjects were composed of 153 subjects who were 3 to 17 years of age that had not been history of bone disease or metabolic disease and no dental caries or tooth loss on mandibular molars. The subjects were divided into three age groups, group I (preschool children) was 3 to 5 years of age and grouop II (school children) was 6 to 11 years of age and group III (adolescence) was 12 to 17 years of age. Panoramic radiographs of these patients were collected and measurements of the thickness of the cortical bone were obtained at the mandibular angle. The average thickness of the cortical bone in the group I was 1.01$\pm$0.18 mm in boys and 1.07$\pm$0.22 mm in girls. In the group II was 1.23$\pm$0.18 mm in boys and 1.32$\pm$0.18 mm in girls. In the group III was 1.60$\pm$0.23 mm in boys and 1.58$\pm$0.20 mm in girls. Statistical analyses did not reveal any significant difference between the right or left side of the mandible but difference was exist between the same age groups by sex, especially in group II (p<0.01), except in group III. The greater thickness of cortical bone in the older age group was shown to be statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between age and the thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular angle showed a high value of r=0.76.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.191-212
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• 2000

Objective: This study was perfomled to examine the therapeutic effect of aqua-acupuncture solution of Hominis Placenta(HP) on kidney and liver intoxicated by $HgCI_2$ in rats. Methods: $10\%$ and $25\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture were carried out everyday for 8 days on corresponding bilateral loci of Shinsu(BL23) and Kansu(BL18), respectively, after mercuric chloride intoxication in rats. Thereafter BUN, creatinine, GOT, GPT, ALP, ${\gamma}$-GT, albumin and total bilirubin were measured before intoxication, and at the 4th and the 8th experimental day. Histopathological and immunochemical observation were also carried out. Results: 1. It showed significant decreases of BUN in the group of $10\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture into Shinsu on the 4th experimental day as compared with the control group. 2. It showed significant decreases of creatinine in the group of $10\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture into Shinsu on the 4th and the 8th experimental days as compared with the control group. 3. There were not any significant changes of GOT, GPT, ALP,${\gamma}$-GT, albumin and total bilirubin in the HP aqua-acupuncture groups compared with the control group. 4. By the histopathological observations on kidney under a light microscope, alt the $10\%$ and $25\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture into Shinsu showed the preventive effect on tubulo-interstitial necrosis and muItifocal calcification in tubular lumen respectively compared with the control group. 5. By the histopathological observations on liver under a light mIcroscope, the groups $10\%$ and $25\%$ HP aqua--acupuncture into Kansu did not show any significant changes in the liver compared with the control group. 6. By the immunochemical analysis of heat shock protein(hsp) and glucose-regulated protein(grp) in rat renal cortex, the expressions of hsp70 and grp78 were decreased in the $10\%$ and $25\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture into Shinsu respectively compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that Hominis Placenta aqua-acupuncture have an effect on prevention and protection of renal intoxication by $HgCI_2$ in rats.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

Objectives: Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HH) is a representative heat clearing multiherb prescription. We evaluated the protective effect of HH against heat stress exposure in mice. Methods: Six weeks old ICR mice were used for this study. After $43^{\circ}C$ heat stress for 15 minutes, we evaluated the changes of motor activity and c-fos expression level to determine the proper heat stress and evaluation time. The subjects were divided into 4 groups (1. control group, 2. heat stress group with normal saline, 3. heat stress group with administration of 100 mg/kg, and 4. heat stress group with administration of 1000 mg/kg). After oral administration of HH once a day for 3 days, 2, 3, 4 groups were exposed to $43^{\circ}C$ heat stress for 15 minutes. Then, we evaluated the motor activity for 120 minutes and analyzed the c-fos expression using western blot. We investigated the effect of HH and its ingredients on c-fos expressions after heat stress. The mice were administrated HH, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Phellodendri Cortex, and Gardeniae Fructus for 3 days. After one hour of last treatment, the mice were exposed to heat stress at $43^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. After two hours, the hypothalamus was dissociated and lysed to measure c-fos expression. Results: After oral administration of HH for 3 days, motor activity was recovered insignificantly. 100 mg/kg HH treatment reduced the c-fos expression after heat stress but insignificantly. Among the ingredients of HH, Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix treatment groups significantly reduced the c-fos after stress. Conclusions: These results show that Hwangryunhaedok-tang may be effective to reduce the heat stress response.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.665-675
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), an active ingredient in ginseng, may be a potential agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the protective effect of Rg1 on neurodegeneration in AD and its mechanism of action are still incompletely understood. Methods: Wild type (WT) and APP/PS1 AD mice, from 6 to 9 months old, were used in the experiment. The open field test (OFT) and Morris water maze (MWM) were used to detect behavioral changes. Neuronal damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining. Immunofluorescence, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) were used to examine postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) expression, amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, Tau and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and NAPDH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression. Results: Rg1 treatment for 12 weeks significantly ameliorated cognitive impairments and neuronal damage and decreased the p-Tau level, amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, and Aβ generation in APP/PS1 mice. Meanwhile, Rg1 treatment significantly decreased the ROS level and NOX2 expression in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions: Rg1 alleviates cognitive impairments, neuronal damage, and reduce Aβ deposition by inhibiting NOX2 activation in APP/PS1 mice.