• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.103-124
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• 2010

Objectives: The out-of-pocket payment (OOP) of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) in Korea was investigated empirically in terms of its incidence, magnitude and factors influencing them. Methods: The subjects were sampled with stratified, randomized methods among medical institutions of which the number of monthly IACI claims exceeded its median as of May 2008. Out of 204 institutions selected, 118 institutions (57.8%) responded to this survey. A total of 24,826 episodes(2,457 inpatient and 22,369 outpatient episodes) were included in this analysis. The incidence and magnitude of OOP of IACI were calculated by characteristics of institution as well as patient. Factors that affected the incidence and magnitude of OOP were investigated through multi-level analysis. Results: The overall incidence of OOP of IACI was 9.9% (25.6% for inpatient and 8.2% for outpatient) and the percentage of OOP among total expenditures was 8.3% on average (7.6% for inpatient and 26.8% for outpatient); 25.2% at traditional oriental medicine hospitals, 9.5% at general hospitals and 2.5% at the industrial-accident-designated medical institutions. The incidence of OOP of IACI was influenced by hospital size, ownership, longer duration of designation (over 5 years) and length of stay. On the other hand, its magnitude was influenced by medium-sized hospital, public hospital, location of large city and length of stay. Extra charges for upper grade room which accommodates less than 4 patients and treatment by specialists were the leading contributors to the magnitude of OOP of IACI. Conclusion: The incidence and magnitude OOP of IACI varied in institution type and were influenced by both institutional and patient's factors. In order to achieve the goal of Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance, appropriate level of compensation, that is, no incidence of OOP, for accident and disease of workers, it is necessary to take measures to reduce incidence and magnitude of OOP.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2008

This research analyzed the effect of lessons with the GIS application as an alternative scheme of teaching and learning of geography in elementary school. Two classes in the third grade at Y elementary school in Andong were selected to conduct lessons on 'The Landscape of My Hometown' from March 6 through June 30, 2006. In the experimental class, the lessons were conducted with the GIS application; while, in a comparative class, the lessons were carried with usual teaching and learning method. To find out the effect of lessons with the GIS application, differences of spatial cognition of students were figured out between groups, and before and after lessons. The difference between the spatial concept development stages and materials on the textbook discouraged students to pursue their learning as well as made them hard to achieve the goals of lessons. The GIS application had been suggested as an alternative teaching and learning method to overcome the difference; however, it has been hard to find any empirical research to verify the effect of the lessons with GIS application in elementary school. The ability of spatial cognition of the third graders at an elementary school was very low as the result of that curricula in the first and second grades dealt with sketch maps as teaching and learning media. The map learning of third grader on the transitional stage would play the critical role to develop the spatial cognition ability in the future. The field study contributing to developing spatial cognition ability would not be conducted at school. It was required to have the alternative learning schemes such as lessons with GIS application. The lessons with GIS application verified effect of GIS application as the alternative method. The GIS application helped students to recognize landmarks, directions and distance effectively as well as reduced the spatial cognition difference among individuals and/or groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.86-97
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• 2013

This study investigated the eating habits of elementary school children and their perceptions related to traditional Korean foods, based on the health belief model. The subjects were fifth grade elementary school children (274 boys and 274 girls) in eight Korean cities. The results were as follows: The children ate almost three meals per day and were grateful for their meals. However, they irregularly consumed meals and snacks. They tended to eat heartily and did not eat foods that they had not yet eaten. Their meals were based on rice and they have eaten kimchi and vegetables at almost every meal. However, they had undesirable habits in eating other foods, such as fruits, fish, soybeans, and sweet foods. They did not sensitively or seriously perceive their eating habits in relation to their health. They perceived that it was very good for their nutrition, health, and tastes to eat traditional Korean foods, and they had pride in traditional Korean foods and eating style. Although they expressed some difficulty regarding availability and preparation of traditional Korean foods, they hardly felt difficulty in eating them. They had high dietary self-efficacy with regard to eating these foods, except for two items of self-regulation. Their eating habits showed positive correlation with dietary self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility, and perceived benefit. In conclusion, eating habits of elementary school children in relation to traditional Korean foods are not desirable, but not serious. They did not sensitively or seriously perceive their eating habits in relation to their health. However, they perceived that it was very good for their nutrition and health to eat traditional Korean foods, did not have a high level of difficulty in eating them, and had high dietary self-efficacy with regard to eating them. Therefore, we suggest that children should be exposed to various traditional Korean foods, along with education about them, in order to enhance their concern and motivation to eat them.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1999

The effects of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia on utilization of muscle glycogen during 45 minute Session of treadmill running(26 m/min, 8% grade) were evaluated using Sprague Dawley rats, and the characteristics of the 4 different type of muscles, I.e., soleus, white and red gastrocnemius, and plantaris, on glycogen utilization were simultaneously investigated. Hyperglycemia was induced by 145-165 mg/dL of oral glucose administration, and hyperlipidemia was induced by combined treatment of intraperitoneal heparine injection of 444 uEq/L and 10 % intralipose oral adminstration. During the hyperglycemic trial, the glycogen utilization of plantaris muscle was decreased by 13 % in 45 minute session of treadmill running compared to the control trial(p<0.05), and the glycogen utilization of white gastrocnemius was also decreased. The sparing tendency of glycogen was observed in soleus and red gastrocnemius by 5-13 % during 30 and 45 minute session of treadmill running in hyperglycemic trial. There was no glycogen sparing effect of hyperlipidemia in soleus, red gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle subjected in this experiment during exercise. However, only a slight sparing tendency of white gastrocnemius muscle was observed. In summary, the glycogen sparing effect of hyperglycemia during exercise was observed in plantaris and white gastrocnemius muscles in rats. However, there was no glycogen sparing effect of hyperlipidemia in the 4 hindlimb muscles. It was observed that the glycogen sparing effect of hyperglycemia is more prominent in fast glycolytic muscle fibers.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

Purpose: As the number of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has increased, the incidence of revision of ACL reconstruction due to reconstruction failure has been also increased. Therefore, authors analyzed the reason of the failure of ACL reconstruction and the clinical result of the ACL revision. Materials and methods: From February 1998 to July 2010, we selected 36 cases which was followed at least 12months after the ACL reconstruction failure. Duration from reconstruction to revision, the average duration was 60 months (5~334) and on first reconstruction, we used allograft on 23 cases (63.9%) and autograft on 13 cases (36.1%). For the main symptom of ACL reconstruction failure, instability was the most common symptom, and 35 cases (97.5%) were undergone only one reconstruction and 1case (2.5%) was undergone two reconstruction. Clinical results were evaluated by Lysholm knee joint score, pivot shift test, and Telos device. Results: Average follow-up duration of the patients was 21 months (12~40), and the reason for the ACL reconstruction failure, trauma was most common by 19 cases (52.8%), malposition of the femoral tunnel was 13 cases (36.1%), malposition of the tibia tunnel was 1case (2.8%), and failure of osteointegration was 3 cases (8.4%). On performing the ACL revision, we used allograft on 34 cases (94%) and autograft on 2 cases (6%), and 21 cases accompanied injury of the meniscus (medial meniscus 14 cases, lateral meniscus 7 cases). Lysholm knee joint score was improved from 66.5 points, preoperatively to 92 points on last follow-up (p<0.01). In most cases, patients were satisfied (92%) with the operation results. Tegner activity score was also improved from 2.0 points preoperatively to 6.2 points on the last follow-up. On Lachman and pivot sift test, 33 cases and 30 cases were improved to grade I respectively, and on stability test using Telos device, the bilateral difference was improved from mean 15.5 mm preoperatively to 4.5 mm on the last follow-up. Conclusion: After 1 year follow-up, Revision of ACL had a little anterior instability but it showed satisfactory result on clinical result and patient's subjective satisfaction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.736-744
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• 2007

Leptin, as an adipocyte-derived hormone, is an important regulator of food intake and energy expenditure. In the cross-sectional study, leptin was shown to be positively related to body adiposity and metabolic disorders in adults. However, there were very few studies which reported the leptin as a predictor of weight gain over time. We examined whether serum leptin can be used as an indicator of the present and 1-year past weight status in very young children. First grade students from elementary schools in Gwacheon City were enrolled in the study since 2005. The study subjects(total 375 students; 195 boys and 180 girls) participated in the investigation of both 2005 and 2006. Physical examinations including height, weight, waist circumference were done. To examine the prevalence of obesity, obesity index was used. Serum leptin was measured, and their nutritional status was also evaluated based on 3-Day dietary records. Serum leptin levels were strongly positively related with the value of the present BMI and with the value of the BMI one year before. We found no association with leptin levels and amount of energy intake and macronutrient intake in this children population. Children were divided into three groups according to leptin tertiles. The highest leptin tertile group showed highest prevalence of obesity in year 2006 as well as in year 2005. Serum leptin levels can reflect the weight status now and as well as 1-year before. Possibly serum leptin levels can predict the weight gain of year later. Without an action against the obesity on children with high leptin level, those children would maintain the excess adiposity growth and progress into the obesity-related metabolic disorders. Further studies are needed to predict the obesity as early as possible and preventive system then after.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.575-585
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• 2013

This research was performed to evaluate the recycling feasibility as a construction material of dredged harbor soil mixed with clay and glass frit. Concentration of heavy metals of the dredged soil from D harbor was severly high, showing Zn of 526.0~13,150.1 mg/kg. The dredged soil was maily composed of 48.30 wt% $SiO_2$, 16.60 wt% $Al_2O_3$, 10.10 wt% CaO, 7.75 wt% $Fe_2O_3$. The clay and the glass frit contained 70.82 wt% $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ 18.78 wt%, and 71.75 wt% $SiO_2$, 13.99 wt% CaO, 8.51 wt% $Na_2O$, respectively. After adding 10~40 wt% to the clay and sintering them at $1,000^{\circ}C$ or $1,100^{\circ}C$, the compressive strength of the sintered specimens showed $132.6{\sim}178.5kgf/cm^2$ or $581.2{\sim}793.7kgf/cm^2$, respectively. In case of SC46 with the addition 40 wt% of the dredged soil to the clay, the compressive strength ($793.7kgf/cm^2$) of specimen sintered at $1,100^{\circ}C$ was over 5 times higher than that at $1,000^{\circ}C$. The specimen mixed with 40 wt% of dredged soil, 60 wt% of clay and 1 wt% of glass frit satisfied the 1st grade standard for clay brick by KS L 4201. The results of all specimens by Korean Standard Leaching Test also satisfied the standard criteria.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2011

In this study, engineering grade and high intensity reflective sheets were prepared with glass beads and their reflection performance and physical properties were investigated. The reflective sheets prepared by using glass beads are divided into enclosed or encapsulated lens type, depending on whether the glass beads are open in air or not. Because of an extra layer on the glass bead surface, the enclosed lens type reflective sheets show very little change in the properties by bad weather conditions, compared to encapsulated lens type reflective sheets. Optimization of the amount of glass beads on the surface was carried out, which determines the retroreflective properties. Enclosed and encapsulated lens type reflective sheets with various colors were prepared and their coefficients of retroreflection were determined. The encapsulated type reflective sheet with white color shows a coefficient of retroreflection of $210.4cd/1x{\cdot}m^2$, which is higher than the enclosed type ($74cd/1x{\cdot}m^2$). Effect of washing on the reflective property and adhesive power of the reflective sheets was investigated, and it is found that the number of glass beads decreased with washing and the aluminum layer deposited was damaged extensively in the encapsulated lens type reflective sheets.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1999

Purpose : To discuss the technical aspect of interstitial brachytherapy including method of implant, insertion time of radioactive source, total radiation dose, and complication, we reviewed patients who had diagnoses of soft tissue sarcoma and were treated by conservative surgery, interstitial implant and external beam radiation therapy Materials and Methods : Between May 1995 and Dec. 1997, ten patients with primary or recurrent soft tissue sarcoma underwent surgical resection (wide margin excision) and received radiotherapy including interstitial brachytherapy. Catheters were placed with regular intervals of 1 ~l.5 cm immediately after tumor removal and covering the critical structures, such as neurovascular bundle or bone, with gelform, muscle, or tissue expander in the cases where the tumors were close to those structures. Brachytherapy consisted of high dose rate, iridium-192 implant which delivered 12~15 Gy to 1 cm distance from the center of source axis with 2~2.5 Gy/fraction, twice a day, starting on 6th day after the surgery, Within one month after the surgery, total dose of 50~55 Gy was delivered to the tumor bed with wide margin by the external beam radiotherapy. Results : All patients completed planned interstitial brachytherapy without acute side effects directly related with catheter implantation such as infection or bleeding. With median follow up duration of 25 months (range 12~41 months), no local recurrences were observed. And there was no severe form of chronic complication (RTOGIEORTC grade 3 or 4). Conclusion : The high dose rate interstitial brachytherapy is easy and safe way to minimize the radiation dose delivered to the adjacent normal tissue and to decrease radiation induced chronic morbidity such as fibrosis by reducing the total dose of external radiotherapy in the management of soft tissue sarcoma with conservative surgery.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.211-237
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• 2000

Major element zoning has been analyzed in garnet porphroblasts obtained from the Grt-St and Ky-Grt-St grade assemblages in Zones I on the northern flank of the Pelham Dome, north central Massachusetts. These porphyroblasts grew during multiple phases of deformation and meta-morphism revealed by the inclusion trail geometry plus the chemical zoning patterns within garnet porphyroblasts. Unusual zoning patterns, including zoning reversals and gradient changes in XMn, zlgzag patterns in Fe/(Fe +Mg) and staircase-shaped patterns in XCa, are coincident with textural truncations and other changes in microstructure within the garnet porphrublasts. Chemical variations in plagioclase, biotite, muscovite and staurolite combined with inclusion trail geometry and petrography reveal that the garnet zoning patterns are modified by combinations of the following. (1) Uni-and divariant reactions involving garnet consumption(Grt+ Chl+Ms=St+Bt+Qtz + $H_2$O) and production(St+Ms + Qtz= Bt+ Grt +A1$_2$$SiO_{5}$ + $H_2$O). (2) Deformation induced episudic ionit dissolution, preferential diffusion and re-distribution during foliation development. (3) P-T changes during growth of the porphyroblasts. The P-T paths combined with petrographic and inclusion trail morphology observations consist of two pattens; (1) heating/compression during NW-SE shortening; and (2) decompression with cooling during NNW-SSE shortening. Based on temperature-time(T-t) geochronological data and late-Paleozoic tectonic model, Alleghanian metamorphism, which is the result of heterogeneous shearing concentrated along the boundary between the Abalone Terrane(Pelham dome) and cover rocks(Bronson Hill Terrane), has produced Ky-St-Ms mineral assemblage during Pennsylvanian(290-300 Ma) in Shutesbury area. However, temperature of alleghanian metamorphism was not high enough to form garnet and staurolite in the Northfiled syncline area. Alleghanian metamorphism has affected only the matrix due to heterogeneous shearing in the study area.