• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.738-747
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• 2015

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was evaluated for the low-molecular-weight fraction (<3 kDa) obtained from milk fermentation by Bifidobacterium longum KACC91563. The ACE inhibitory activity in this fraction was 62.3%. The peptides generated from the <3 kDa fraction were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quantitative time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Of the 28 peptides identified, 11 and 16 were identified as β-casein (CN) and α_s1-CN, respectively. One peptide was identified as κ-CN. Three peptides, YQEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV, QEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV, and GPVRGPFPIIV, from β-CN corresponded to known antihypertensive peptides. We also found 15 peptides that were identified as potential antihypertensive peptides because they included a known antihypertensive peptide fragment. These peptides were as follows: RELEELNVPGEIVE (f1-14), YQEPVLGPVRGPFP (f193-206), EPVLGPVRGPFPIIV (f195-206), PVLGPVRGPFPIIV (f196-206), VLGPVRGPFPIIV (f197-206), and LGPVRGPFPIIV (f198-206) for β-CN; and APSFSDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f176-199), SFSDIPNPIGSENSEKT- TMPLW (f178-199), FSDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f179-199), SDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f180-199), DIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f181-199), IPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f182-199), PIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f185-199), IGSENSEKTTMPLW (f186-199), and SENSEKTTMPLW (f188-199) for α_s1-CN. From these results, B. longum could be used as a starter culture in combination with other lactic acid bacteria in the dairy industry, and/or these peptides could be used in functional food manufacturing as additives for the development of a product with beneficial effects for human health.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.257-261
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• 2004

We grew amorphous SiCN films by pulsed laser deposition using mixed targets. The targets were fabricated by compacting a mixture of SiC and $SiC-{Si_3}{N_4}$ powders. We controlled the film stoichiometry by varying the mixing ratio of the target and the target-to-substrate distance. The mixing ratio of the target had a dominant effect on the film composition. We consider the structures of the SiCN films deposited using 30~70 wt.% SiC in the target to be an intermediate phase of SiC and $SiN_x$. This provides the possibility of growing homogeneous SiCN films with a mixed target at a moderate target-to-substrate distance.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.743-748
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• 2010

Boron nitride (BN) and carbon nitride (CN) films, which have relatively low work functions and commonly exhibit negative electron affinity behaviors, were coated on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by magnetron sputtering. The CNTs were directly grown on metal-tip (tungsten, approximately 500nm in diameter at the summit part) substrates by inductively coupled plasma-chemical vapor deposition (ICP-CVD). The variations in the morphology and microstructure of CNTs due to coating of the BN and CN films were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify the existence of the coated layers (CN and BN) on CNTs. The electron-emission properties of the BN-coated and CN-coated CNT-emitters were characterized using a high-vacuum field emission measurement system, in terms of their maximum emission currents ($I_{max}$) at 1kV and turn-on voltage ($V_{on}$) for approaching $1{\mu}A$. The results showed that the $I_{max}$ current was significantly increased and the $V_{on}$ voltage were remarkably reduced by the coating of CN or BN films. The measured values of $I_{max}-V_{on}$ were as follows; $176{\mu}A$-500V for the 5nm CN-coated emitter and $289{\mu}A$-540V for the 2nm BN-coated emitter, respectively, while the $I_{max}-V_{on}$ of the as-grown (i.e., uncoated) emitter was $134{\mu}A$-620V. In addition, the CNT emitters coated with thin CN or BN films also showed much better long-term (up to 25h) stability behaviors in electron emission, as compared with the conventional CNT emitter.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 2010

Objective : Cerebral aneurysms which cause oculomotor nerve [cranial nerve (CN) III] palsy, are frequently found with a daughter sac of the aneurysm dome. We assumed that CN III might be compressed by the daughter sac and it would be more helpful not to fill the daughter sac with coils than vice versa during endosaccular embolization for recovering from CN III palsy, because it may give a greater chance for the daughter sac to shrink by itself later. We reviewed the initial results of our experiences of such cases. Methods : Among 9 aneurysms accompanied by CN III palsy, 7 (6 unruptured, 1 ruptured) showed a daughter sac. We tried to fill the main dome completely and spare the daughter sac from coil filling to increase the possibility of decompression. We evaluated the short-term effectiveness of this concept using medical records and angiograms. Results : After initial embolization, all of CN III palsy caused by unruptured aneurysms (6/6) resolved completely after various periods (3-90 days) of time. No adverse effects were noted during and after the procedures except for one case of harmless coil stretching during coil filling using double microcatheter. Conclusion : During the coil embolization of the cerebral aneurysm causing CN III palsy, sparing the daughter sac from coil packing while tightly packing the main dome, can be helpful in increasing the effectiveness of decompression. However, a long-term follow-up will be required.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2012

A spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of free $CN^-$ in real samples with fluorescent safranine-O. When safranine-O interacts electrostatistically with $CN^-$, the fluorescent intensity of safranine-O is decreased. Several experimental conditions such as pH of the sample solution and the amount of safranine-O were optimized. $Ag^+$ interfered higher than any other ions. Interference of $Ag^+$ could be disregarded because $Ag^+$ was scarcely contained or mostly complexed with $CN^-$ in selected real samples. With this proposed method, the linear range of $CN^-$ was from 5.0 to 110 ng/mL and the detection limit of $CN^-$ was 2.9 ng/mL. For validating this technique, real samples (Cu, Ag, Au electroplating wastewater, and untreated wastewater in university and in sewage treatment plant) were used. Recovery yields of 91.5%~106.0% were obtained. Based on experimental results, it is proposed that this technique can be applied to the practical determination of free $CN^-$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.983-988
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between bovine casein (CN) mRNA expression levels in mammary epithelial cells and lactation period, the yields of milk proteins and other parameters. The cells were collected from each cow's milk, which contained somatic cell counts (SCC) of less than 100,000 cells/ml. The levels of ${\alpha}s1-$, ${\alpha}s2-$, ${\beta}$- and ${\kappa}$-CN mRNA expression were significantly correlated with each other in mammary epithelial cells (p<0.01). All cows produced either less than 30 kg/day/cow or a over 30 kg/day/cow level of milk yield (MY). It was shown that the CN mRNA expression levels decreased gradually from the calving period to late lactation, when MY was over 30 kg/day/cow. The SCC tended to increase gradually during the course of lactation, but it was negatively correlated with milk protein and CN yields (p<0.01) when MY was less than 30 kg/day/cow. Moreover, there was a tendency for a negative correlation between SCC and ${\alpha}s1$-CN and ${\beta}$-CN mRNA expression level, when MY was less than 30 kg/day/cow (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.556-562
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• 1996

Carbon nitride (CN) films were synthesized on silicon substrates by a combined ion-beam and laser-ablation method under various conditions; ion-beam energy and ion-beam current were varied. Raman spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) were employed to characterize respectively the structural and the optical properties of the CN films. Raman spectra show that all the CN films are amorphous independent of the ion-beam current and the ion-beam energy. Refractive indices, extinction coefficients and optical band gaps which were determined from the measured SE spectra exhibit a significant dependence on the synthesis conditions. Especially, the decrease of the refractive indices and the shrinkage of the optical band gap is noticeable as the ion-beam current and/or the ion-beam energy increase.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.357-357
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• 2010

Using ab initio density functional theory, we study the structural and electronic properties of interface between Cu surface and highly electron withdrawing hexaazatriphenylene-hexanitrile (HAT-CN) known as an efficient hole injection layer for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). We calculate the equilibrium geometries of the interface with different HAT-CN coverages. Usually, some of C-N bonds located at the edge of the HAT-CN molecule are deformed toward Cu atoms resulting in the reconstruction of Cu surface. By analyzing the electron charge and the potential distributions over the interface, we observe the formation of surface dipoles, which modify the work function at the interface. Such dipole formation is attributed to two origins, one of which is a geometrical nature and the other is a bond dipole. The former is related to structural deformation mentioned above, whereas the latter is due to charge transfer between organic and metal surface.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1033-1039
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• 2004

The methodology developed by Soil Conservation Service for determination of runoff value from precipitation is applied to estimate the precipitation recharge in the Pyungchang river basin. Two small areas of the basin are selected for this study. The CN values are determined by considering the type of soil, soil cover and land use with the digital map of 1:25,000. Forest covers more than $94{\%}$ of the study area.. The CN values for the study area vary between 47 in the forest area and 94 in the bare soil under AMC 2 condition. The precipitation recharge rate is calculated for the year when the precipitation data is available since 1990. To obtain the infiltration rate, the index of CN and five day antecedent moisture conditions are applied to each precipitation event during the study period. As a result of estimation, the value of precipitation recharge ratio in the study area vary between $15.2{\%}\;and\;35.7{\%}$ for the total precipitation of the year. The average annual precipitation recharge rate is $26.4{\%}\;and\;26.8{\%}$, meaning 377.9mm/year and 397.5mm/year in each basin.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.4 s.175
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• pp.900-906
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• 2000

Ceramic, PCD and CBN tools are available for the difficult-to-cut-materials such as hardened carbon tool steel, stainless steel, Inconel 718 and etc. Ceramic tools are likely to be chipped and abruptly broken before the appearance of normal wear in turning. Ceramic tools are suitable for continuous in turning, not for intermittent in milling. In this study, TiN/TiCN multi-layer coated ceramic tools were found to restrain the chipping, breaking and early fracture and to increase the critical cutting speed owing to TiN/TiCN multi-layer coating in Arc Ion Plating of PVD method.