• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.539-542
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• 2006

The objective of this paper is to compare the applicability of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) or biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) for quantifying biodegradable organic material (BOM) and bio-stability in distribution systems for a variety of finished waters. The study the data is derived from was part of an AWWARF and Tampa Bay Water tailored collaboration project to determine the effect of blending different waters on distribution system water quality. Seven different finished waters were produced from surface, ground, or brackish water on site and fed 18 independent pilot distribution systems (PDSs), either as single finished water or as a blend of several finished waters. AOC and BDOC have often been used as indicators of bacterial regrowth potential in distribution systems. In this study, AOC was the more useful assay of the two for the BOM concentrations observed in the PDSs. BDOC did not distinguish BOM while AOC did at the low BOM levels from many of the advanced treatments (e.g. RO, $O^3/BAC$). AOC in contrast allowed much more meaningful calculations of the consumption or production of AOC as the blends passed through the PDSs even for very low BOM blends. In addition, meaningful trends corresponding to changes in heterophic plate count (HPC) were observed for AOC but not for BDOC. Moreover, AOC stability was associated with waters produced from advanced membrane treatment.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2005

The performance of ozone contactor in ozone-BAC advanced water treatment process was evaluated by the degree of decomposition of organic matters. The degree was measured by the analyses of $UV_{254}$ absorbance and the concentrations of DOC and BDOC for the sand filtered water and the ozone treated water, respectively. In addition, the ozone concentration in the contactor, required for the maximum BDOC concentration, was selected as the optimum concentration, and the appropriate residential time of ozone treated water in a reservoir was recommended based on the residual ozone concentration in the treated water. The following results were obtained from the pilot scale experiments. By ozonation $UV_{254}$ absorbance was decreased, and BDOC concentration was increased. The change of DOC concentration by ozonation was negligible, but the excess input of ozone resulted in the removal of the small amount of BDOC by complete oxidation. The optimum ozone concentration was 0.58mg $O_3/mg$ DOC. In order to remove residual ozone, 20minutes of the residential time were enough after ozonation.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.533-540
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• 2012

BAC 공정 운전초기부터 부착 박테리아들의 생체량이 정상상태(steady-state)에 도달한 이후까지 $BDOC_{total/rapid/slow}$ 제거율의 변화와 DGGE와 ATP 분석을 통하여 부착 박테리아들의 군집과 생체량을 평가하였다. 용존 유기물질 제거율 평가에 따른 BAC 공정의 정상상태 도달 여부 평가결과를 보면 DOC의 경우 운전 bed volume 27,500 부근에서 BAC 공정이 정상상태에 도달하였고, $BDOC_{rapid}$와 $BDOC_{total/slow}$의 경우는 각각 운전 bed volume 15,000 부근과 32,000 부근에서 정상상태에 도달하였다. BAC 공정의 운전기간 증가에 따른 HPC 및 ATP 농도 분석을 통한 부착 박테리아들의 생체량 평가결과 bed volume 22,500 이후로 거의 일정한 생체량을 유지하였으며, 이 때 HPC와 ATP 농도는 각각 $3.3{\times}10^8$ cells/g 및 $2.14{\mu}g/g$ 정도로 나타났다. DGGE를 이용하여 운전기간 증가에 따른 BAC 부착 박테리아들의 군집분석 결과 운전초기(bed volume 8,916)의 경우 분석가능한 DGGE band 개수가 5개였으나 운전기간 증가에 따라 분석가능한 DGGE band 개수는 최대 11개로 증가하였다. 또한, DGGE를 이용한 박테리아 군집분석 결과 BAC 운전기간의 증가에 따라 다양한 박테리아 그룹들이 존재하였고, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacteria와 유사한 uncultured bacterium, uncultured Novosphingobium sp. 및 Flavobacterium frigidarium은 운전초기 단계부터 지속적으로 부착 박테리아 군집을 형성하였고, 전체적으로 Proteobacteria 그룹이 비교적 높은 비율로 우점하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2002

낙동강 상수원수를 대상으로 연속적 오존처리에서 오존주입농도에 따른 유기물 분해 특성을 조사하기 위하여 오존처리에 의한 DOE성분변화, UV254/DOC의 변화와 소비오존에 따른 DOC 제거효율을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 유입원수의 수질변화에 따라 다소 차이는 있었으나 전반적으로 오존주입농도가 증가할수록 DOC 처리효율도 증가되었다. 오존처리에 따른 DOC 성분변화는 전오존을 3 mg/L 농도로 처리시 TDOC, ADOC, A &BDOC 및 NRDOC는 각각 0.6, 0.2, 0.1 및 1.0 mg/L 정도 오존처리에 의하여 감소되었으나 BDOC는 0.8 mg/L 증가하였다. UV254/DOC의 분율은 오존주입농도를 1, 3 및 5 mg/L처리하였을 때 전오존의 경우는 각각 0.048, 0.044 및 0.037 이였고, 후오존의 경우는 각각 0.018, 0.015 및 0.012로 나타나 오존주입농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 초기 DOC mg당 소비되는 오존량에 대한 DOC 제거율은 전오존과 후오존처리의 초기 DOC에 대한 소비오존량이 각각 약 1.5와 2.3일 때 각각 25%와 32%로 서 최대의 DOC 처리효율을 나타내었다. 낙동강 상수원수에 전오존을 처리할 경우 오존주입량은 초기 DOC mg당 소비된 오존이 1.5 mg 이내의 농도가 되도록 주입하구 후오존은 유입수인 모래여과수의 초기 DOC mg당 소비된 오존이 2.3 mg 이내의 농도가 되도록 조절하여 주입하면 적당할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1101-1109
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• 2014

In this study we followed biofilm formation and development in a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter on pilot-scale during the 12 months of operation. GAC particles and water samples were sampled from four different depths (-5, -25, -50 and -90 cm from surface of GAC bed) and attached biomass were measured with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) analysis and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method. The attached biomass accumulated rapidly on the GAC particles of top layer throughout all levels in the filter during the 160 days (BV 23,000) of operation and maintained a steady-state afterward. During steady-state, biomass (ATP and HPC) concentrations of top layer in the BAC filer were $2.1{\mu}g{\cdot}ATP/g{\cdot}GAC$ and $3.3{\times}10^8cells/g{\cdot}GAC$, and 85%, 83% and 99% of the influent total biodegradable dissolved organic carbon ($BDOC_{total}$), $BDOC_{slow}$ and $BDOC_{rapid}$ were removed, respectively. During steady-state process, biomass (ATP and HPC) concentrations of middle layer (-50 cm) and bottom layer (-90 cm) in the BAC filter were increased consistently. Biofilm development (growth rate) proceed highest rate in the top layer of filter (${\mu}_{ATP}=0.73day^{-1}$; ${\mu}_{HPC}=1,74day^{-1}$) and 78%~87% slower in the bottom layer (${\mu}_{ATP}=0.14day^{-1}$; ${\mu}_{HPC}=0.34day^{-1}$). This study shows that the combination of different analytical methods allows detailed quantification of the microbiological activity in drinking water biofilter.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2013

The concentration of organic compounds was analyzed at each step of BAC process though $BDOC_{total/rapid/slow}$. Further, bacteria communities and biomass concentrations measured FISH and ATP methods were analyzed. The bed volume (BV) of steady state is different from that of based on assessment of organic compounds removal. Bed volumes in DOC, $BDOC_{rapid}$ and $BDOC_{total/slow}$ removal at steady state were around 27,500 (185.8 day), 15,000 (101.4 day) and 32,000 (216.2 day), respectively. A biomass didn't change after the bed volume reached 22,500 (152.0 day) according to analyzing ATP concentration of bacteria. The concentration of ATP was 2.14 ${\mu}g/g$ in BV 22,500 (152.0 day). The total bacterial number was $4.01{\pm}0.4{\times}10^7$ cells/g at the bed volume 1,150 (7.8 day) (the initial operation) and the number of bacteria was $9.27{\pm}0.2{\times}10^9$ at the bed volume 58,560 395.7 day) that increased more than 200 times. Bacterial uptrend was reduced and bacterial communities were stabilized since BV 18,720 (126.5 day). When BV were 1,150 (7.8 day), 8,916 (60.2 day), 18,720 (126.5 day), 31,005 (209.5 day), 49,632 (335.3 day), 58,560 (395.7 day), a proportion of total bacteria for the Eubacteria were 60.1%, 66.0%, 78.4%, 82.0%, 81.3% respectively. ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria group was the most population throughout the entire range. The correlation coefficient ($r^2$) between Eubacteria biomass and ATP concentration was 0.9448.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.725-730
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• 1999

The advanced oxidation process (AOP) using ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet treatment were evaluated for biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (EDOC) formation and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal. Oxidation treatment were conducted alone or combination with ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet processes. Ozone dosage of ozone process was varied from $0.5mg/l{\ell}\cdot}min$ to $5mg/{\ell}{\cdot}min$. Ozone/hydrogen peroxide process was done using $20mg/{\ell}{\cdot}min$ of hydrogen peroxide concentration. Ozone/ultraviolet process was irradiated with $12mW/cm^2$ of density and 254nm. Ozone dosage was varied from $0.5mg/{\ell}{\cdot}min$ to $5mg/{\ell}{\cdot}min$ at the ozone/hydrogen peroxide and ozone/ultraviolet processes too. Contact time of all the process was 20 minutes. Oxidation treatment were performed on microfiltration effluent samples. BDOC formation was reached to an optimum at ozone dosage of $1.5mg/{\ell}{\cdot}min$ in the ozone/hydrogen peroxide process and $1mg/{\ell}{\cdot}min$ in ozone/ultraviolet process, after which BDOC formation was decreased at higher ozone dosages. But BDOC formation was increased with ozone dosages increasing in ozone process. The efficiency of DOC removal was higher AOPs than ozone process. Ozone/ultraviolet proces was the highest for DOC removal efficiency in each process. THMFP. removal efficiency by ozone/ultraviolet process was higher than that by each of ozone process and ozone/hydrogen peroxide process.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.97-107
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• 1995

Today a conventional water treatment system has many problems. The ozone/GAC process, sometimes termed Biological Activated Carbon(BAC), appeared to be effective for the removal of soluble organic matters in the drinking water. The water quality of Nak-dong river in Pusan, generally shows BDOC 30-40% and NBDOC 60-70%. The pilot plant installed at the Duk-san water works that was been largest treatability(1,650,000ton/day) in Pusan. A experimental water in the pilot plant made use of the water after sand-filteration. Following results are drawn from this study. Initial adsorption velocity($DOC/DOC_o/T$) in the pure adsorption of GAG had a 0.0225, it's velocity changed to 0.006 after ozone added and the optimum ozone dose ranged of $1.4-2.0mgO_3/L$. A experimental water in the pilot plant composed with humic material(78%). Humic material composed with humic acid(20%) and fulvic acid(56%), and it's rate changed to 18 and 50% respectively after ozone added. DOC constantly decreased in the EBCTs and removal efficieny in the 15min of EBCT was 45-50%. It showed the largest removal rate of BDOC in the EBCT 5 and among the season, characteristics of removal varied. The HPC distributed over $10^6-10^7CFU/cm^3$ in the bed depth and among the season, distribution of HPC were differential.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2001

This present study was aimed to investigate the characteristics of dissoloved organic matter (DOC) in sewage. The results are summarized as follows ; The plateaux reached in 3~4 days by the biodegradability test on sewage samples based on DOC. 쏭 rations of BDOC to DOC were 48, 21, 13 and 11% for raw sewage, primary treatment effluent, secondary treatment effluent and final treatment effluent, respectively. As the SUVA values ranged less 3L/m.mg for the effluent of sewage treatment plant, the DOC is composed largely of non-humic materials, hydrophilic, less aromatic as compared to waters with higher SUVA values. Through the biodegradability test, Dissolved organics showed that the quantity of LMW(Low Molecular Weight) less than 1,000 daltons was decreased, HMW(High Molecular Weight) more than 30,000 daltons had a tendency to increase. Large portion of UV$^{254}$ in final treatment effluent was increased of MMW(Medium Molecular Weight). Also, average removal efficiency of DOC was 32% during sewage treatment.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.601-608
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 파일롯 규모의 입상활성탄지에서 흡착과 생물학적 제거 기작이 진행되는 장기간의 운전동안 전처리공정으로서 오존처리의 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 공정별로 용존 또는 생분해성 유기물질의 제거, DOM의 성상과 특성변화와 미생물의 증식의 변화를 평가하였다. 오존공정이 존재하는 입상활성탄 공정(전오존처리+활성탄 여과지; Pre O$_3$ + F/A, 후오존처리 + 활성탄 흡착지; Post O$_3$ + GAC)은 오존의 위치(전오존 후오존)에 상관없이 입상활성탄 단독공정(활성탄 여과지; F/A, 활성탄 흡착지; GAC)에 비해 생물학적 제거능이 활성화된 장기간 운영 후에 DOC, 친수성 용존유기물(HPI), BDOC와 AOC의 제거율이 10$\sim$20% 정도로 높았다. 오존공정은 전반적인 DOC 제거에는 큰 영향을 주지는 못했지만, AOC를 약 20% 정도로 감소시켜 관로내 미생물의 재증식을 저감하는데 기여할 것으로 생각된다. 활성탄 여재에 고정된 미생물의 생체량인 Biomass는 전처리로서 오존처리의 유.무에 상관없이 공정별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않은 반면에, 유출수에서의 HPC는 F/A나 GAC에 비해 Post O$_3$ + GAC에서 매우 낮았다.