• Title/Summary/Keyword: 96 hr-LC_{50}

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Acute Toxicity of Various Heavy Metals on Mysid, Neomysis japonica (곤쟁이, Neomysis japonica에 대한 여러 가지 중금속의 급성독성)

  • Min, Eun-Young;Kim, Young-Sug;Kim, Seong-Soo;Kim, Seong-Gil;Hwang, Un-Gi;Kang, Ju-Chan
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.628-632
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    • 2009
  • In order to estimate acute toxicity of various heavy metals on mysid, Neomysis japonica, the experiments were conducted by renewal bioassay method at $20\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ and $30\pm0.3$ psu salinity. The 96 hr $LC_{50}$ of Neomysis japonica exposed to cadmium, copper, zinc, arsenic, lead and chromium were $90.4\;{\mu}g/L$, $82.3\;{\mu}g/L$, $646.1\;{\mu}g/L$, $1488.5\;{\mu}g/L$, $1758.8\;{\mu}g/L$ and $1609.6\;{\mu}g/L$, respectively, and were ranked in order of toxicity: copper > cadmium > zinc > arsenic > chromium > lead.

Acute Toxicity of Ozone on Survival and Physiological Conditions of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys Olivaceus (넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)의 생존과 생리상태에 미치는 오존의 급성 독성)

  • Kim, Heung-Yun;Oh, Myung-Joo;Jung, Sung-Ju
    • Journal of fish pathology
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.32-41
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    • 1999
  • Ozonization for rearing seawater in land-based culture system has recently been utilized for disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms and improvement of water quality. This study was conducted to examine the effects of total residual oxidants (TRO) in ozone-treated seawater on survival, blood parameters, osmolality and oxygen consumption, and gill tissue of the flounder. Paralichthys olivaceus. Experiments were carried out with the starved flounder of 12~19 cm in total length at $20^{\circ}C$. The 48-hr and 96-hr $LC_{50}$ for the flounder amounts to 26.4 ppb and 22.3 ppb, respectively. With increase of TRO concentration from 24 to 39 ppb, the values of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and osmolality of the flounder with respect to exposure time were significantly elevated, however, the oxygen consumption rates decreased. In the case of the fish exposed to 13 ppb for 96 hrs, blood glucose increased with an elapse of exposure time, while survival rate was 100%. Death apparently resulted by massive destruction of gill lamellar epithelium, severe osmotic imbalance and the lack of oxygen uptake. The results of this experiment indicated that to protect aquaculture organisms, the ozone-treated seawater should not contain any residual oxidants, and that relatively long-term exposure to TRO of low concentration can impact on survival and physiological conditions of the flounder.

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Acute Toxicity of Kuwait Crude Oil (WSF) to Mysid, Neomysis awatschensis (Neomysis awatschensis에 미치는 원유의 급성독성)

  • AHN Kyung-Wook;CHIN Pyung
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.599-607
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    • 1986
  • Acute toxicity of crude oil (WSF) on the mortality and respiration rates of Neomysis awatschensis was examined. This experiment was conducted by static and short-term bioassay procedure. In lethal test, the test animals were exposured to 8 different concentrations to determine $LC_{50}$ value (median lethal concentration). The concentrations of total hydrocarbon of 96-hr $LC_{50}$ value at $14^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$ were 1.01 ppm and 0.78 ppm, respectively. $LT_{50}$ (the median lethal time) also was determined. The $LT_{50}$ of 0.56 ppm was found within 100 hours, while the $LT_{50}$ of 5.6 ppm was 21 hours at $14^{\circ}C$. At $20^{\circ}C$, the $LT_{50}$ values of 0.56 ppm and 5.60 ppm were 95 hours and 17 hours, respectively. There was little difference between two temperature experiments. The effect of WSF on respiration rate was more sensitive than that on mortality, but no considerable difference was shown between different concentrations in this experiment. The results of these experiments indicated that relatively low concentration of dissolved crude oil fraction can impact on small crustacean in the marine ecosystem.

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Bioequivalence of Ramiprin® tablet to Tritace Protect® tablet (Ramipril 10 mg) (트리테이스프로텍트 ®정(라미프릴 10mg)에 대한 라미프린 ®정의 생물학적동등성)

  • Oh, Soo-Yeon;Cho, Jong-Tae;Kim, Hyung-Gun;Kim, Yoon-Gyoon
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.73-78
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    • 2008
  • To evaluate the bioequivalence of two ramipril formulations, a standard 2-way randomized cross-over study was conducted in twenty-six healthy male Korean volunteers. A single oral dose of 10 mg of test formulation $Ramiprin^{(R)}$ (tablet) or reference formulation Tritace $Protect^{(R)}$ (tablet) was administered with one-week washout period. Plasma concentrations of ramipril were assayed over a period of 12 hr with a well validated method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The values of area under the plasma concentration-time curve, from time zero to last sampling time $(AUC_t)$ and from time zero to time infinity $(AUC_{inf})$ were $77.45{\pm}44.78\;and\;78.96{\pm}45.64$ for test, and $70.30{\pm}42.27\;and\;71.99{\pm}43.55ng\;hr/mL$ for reference formulation, respectively. Similarly, maximum concentration $(C_{max})$ and elimination half-life $(t_{1/2})$ were $65.61{\pm}19.96ng/mL$ and $2.15{\pm}0.75hr$ for test, and $63.63{\pm}25.50ng/mL$ and $2.16{\pm}0.73hr$ for reference formulations, respectively. Time to reach maximum concentration $(T_{max})$ for the test and the reference, were $0.51{\pm}0.22hr\;and\;0.52{\pm}0.18hr$, respectively. The parametric 90% confidence intervals on the mean of the differences between the two formulations (test-reference) of the log-transformed values of $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ were 1.03 to 1.19 and 0.98 to 1.17, respectively. The overall results indicate that the two formulations are bioequivalent and can be prescribed interchangeably.

Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium and Chromium on Survival, Growth and Oxygen Consumption of the Mysid, Neomysis awatschensis (곤쟁이 Neomysis awatschensis와 생존, 성장 및 산소소비에 미치는 구리, 카드뮴, 크롬의 독성)

  • KANG Ju-Chan;KIM Heung-Yun;CHIN Pyung
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.30 no.5
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    • pp.874-881
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    • 1997
  • In order to estimate toxicity of copper, radmium and chromium on survival, growth and oxygen consumption of the estuarine mysid, Neomysis awatschensis, adult and juvenile, the experiments were conducted by renewal bioassay method at $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C\;and\;20{\pm}1\%_{\circ}$ salinity. The $96hr-LC_{50}$ of the mysid exposed to cadmium, copper and chromium was 20.2, 11.3 and $670.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$ in adut and 3.4, 1.9 and $49.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$ in juvenile, respectively, and were ranked in order of toxicity : copper >cadmium >chromium. Survival rates of the mysid exposed to the sublethal concentrations of heavy metals for 40 days were significantly affected by cadmium $\geq1.0\;{\mu}g/\ell$ and copper $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g/\ell$ concentrations. The growth rate of the mysid exposed to $cadmium\geq2.0\;{\mu}g\ell$ and copper $\geq1.2\;{\mu}g/\ell$ concentrations were significantly reduced than that exposed to normal condition, but there was no affect on intermoult period. Oxygen consumption rate of the mysid exposed to heavy metals was significantly reduced with increasing heavy metals concentrations. The results of the present study led us to conclude that concentrations levels cadmium$\geq1.0\;{\mu}g\ell$ and copper $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g\ell$ of the estuarine could markedly affect the distribution and population of the mysid by reduced survival, growth and oxygen consumption rate.

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The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and Salinity on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion in the Mysid, Neomysis awatschensis (곤쟁이 (Neomysis awatschensis)의 산소소비와 질소배설에 미치는 염분 및 용존산소의 영향)

  • SHIN Yun Kyung;LEE Jung Ah;CHIN Pyung
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.110-114
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    • 2000
  • Effects of the combinations of six oxygen concentrations ($control, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0, 3.4 and 7.4 mg DO/l$) and two salinity levels ($20{\%_{\circ}} and 32{\%_{\circ}}$) on the rates of oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and mortality of the mysid, Neomysis awatschensis were tested at $20{\circ}C$. The lethal level ($96 hr-LC-(50)$) of dissolved oxygen for mysid at $20{\%_{\circ}} and 32{\%_{\circ}} were 2,20 mg DO/l and 1.60 mg DO/l$ respectively, and all mysids died within $24hr at 0.6 mg DO/l$. Oxygen consumption rate of mysid was increased with dissolved oxygen increase at $20{\%_{\circ}} and 32{\%_{\circ}}$, but ammonia excretion rate was high af $1.0 mg DO/l$ during 96h exposure to DO concentration, and significantly greater in $20{\%_{\circ}} than 32{\%_{\circ}}$. $O:N$ ratio of mysid exposed during 96hr with salinity anil dissolved oxygen was below $10 at 20{\%_{\circ}} and 1,0{\~}2.0 mg DO/l, and was 4.4 at 32{\%_{\circ}} and 1.0 mg DO/l$. These results indicated that mysids were capable of changing their energy substrate in response to salinity and DO changes, and obtaining energy from proteins.

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Difference in Species of Test Fish on the Determination of Short-term Bioconcentration Factor (단기간 생물농축계수의 측정에 있어서 실험어류의 종에 따른 차이)

  • 민경진;차춘근;전봉식;김근배
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.24-31
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    • 1998
  • This study was performed to investigate the difference in species of test fish on the determination of short-term bioconcentration factor in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri) and goldfish(Carassius auratus). Experimental concentrations of carbamates were 0.05 and 0.10 ppm and chlorothalonil were 0.005 and 0.01 ppm for 3 and 5 days, respectively. This paper reports the measured BCF value on pesticides in various species of test fish, under steady state, and examined correlation between the BCF value and depuration rate constant or LC$_{50}$ or lipid content. Carbamates and chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCF of carbamate and chlorothalonil were increased as incresing test concentration. Carbamates concentration in fish extract and BCF of carbamate were decreased as incresing test period, but chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCF of chlorothalonil were increased as prolonging test period. Determined pesticide concentration in fish extract and BCF were highest in red sword tail, and followed by goldfish, and zebrafish. Determined depuration rate constant were highest in zebrafish, and followed by goldfish, and red sword tail. 96hr-LC$_{50}$ were highest in red sword tail, and followed by zebrafish, and goldfish. Lipid compositions were highest in red sword tail, and followed by goldfish, and zebrafish. Therefore, it is suggested that the difference of BCF between each pesticide due to those of lipid composition of fish and deputation rate constant, while LC$_{50}$ have no effect on BCF.

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Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Phenol to Mysid, Archaeomysis kokuboi (곤쟁이, Archaeomysis kokuboi에 미치는 phenol의 급성 및 만성독성)

  • KIM Jeong-Seon;CHIN Pyung
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.87-97
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    • 1995
  • Acute and chronic toxicity of phenol on the mortality, long-term survival and respiration rates of the mysid, Archaeomysis kokuboi adult and juvenile were examined. This experiment was condurted by static bioassay procedure with the different salinity at $25^{\circ}C$ In lethal test, the test animals were exposed to 6 different phenol concentrations to determine $LC_{50}$ and I$LT_{50}$ (median lethal concentration and time) values. The $LC_{50}$ values with the exposure time for the mysid adult ranged from 31.31ppm to 1.49ppm phenol and for the mysid juvenile ranged from 6.90ppm to 0.26ppm in all experimental groups. Mortality was increased with the decrease of salinity, The $96hr-LC_{50}$ values at 16, 24 and $32\%o$ salinity for the mysid adult were 1.49, 2.71 and 4.53ppm phenol, white the values for the mysid juvenile were 0.26, 0.56 and 0.71ppm, respectively. The ratios of $96hr-LC_{50}$ values for the mysid adult to those for the mysid juvenile at 16, 24 and $32\%p$ salinity were 5.73, 4.84 and 6.38, respectively. The mysid juveniles were more sensitive to phenol than the mysid adults. Compared $LT_{50}$ values for the mysid adult with those for the mysid juvenile, the $LT_{50}$ values for the mysid adult ranged from 384.7 to 29.0 hours at 1.7-127ppm phenol concentrations and for the mysid juvenile ranged from 132.2 to 18.7 hours at 0.5~6.Oppm phenol concentrations. The lowest $LT_{50}$ values for the mysid adult and juvenile were showed at the combination of the highest experimental concentration of phenol and the lowest experimental salinity. The mysid juveniles showed lower $LT_{50}$ values than those of adults. The chronic effects of phenol on the mysid at the sublethal effective concentration of phenol were lower in the $32\%o$ salinitr group than 16 or $24\%o$ salinity groups. Oxygen consumption rates of the mysid adult were decreased with the increase of phenol concentration and exposure time, and decreased significantly in lower salinity at the same concentration or phenol.

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Estimated Environmental Distribution of Acetanilide Using EQC Model (EQC모델을 이용한 Acetanilide의 환경중 분포예측)

  • 박광식;권민정;최윤호;송상환;박혜연;구현주
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.133-137
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    • 2001
  • Acetanilide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 2,300 tons/year in Korea as of 1998 survey. Most is used as an intermediate for synthesis of pharmaceuticals and dyes and the chemical is one of seven chemicals of which human and environmental risks are being assessed by National Institute of Environmental Research under the frame of OECD SIDS program. The chemical is water soluble (4 g/1 at 20$\^{C}$) and readily biodegradable (68.7%). Partition coefficiency (Log Pow) is 1.16 at 23$\^{C}$ so that the chemical has a low potential for bioaccumulation. The acute toxicities of algae, daphnia and fish are not high. The 72 hr-EbC50 of algae is 13.5 mg/1,48 hr-EC50 of daphnia is over 100 mg/1 and 96 hr-LC50 of Oryzias latipes is over 100mg/1. Regarding the exposure, levels in air, water, soil or sediment have not been monitored or estimated so that risk evaluation of acetanilide was not possible. In this study, distribution of the chemical among environmental media was estimated using EQC model based on the chemical-physical properties. In Level I and IIof which the chemical are hypothesized in equilibrium and no transfer through the media, more than 98% of acetanilide are estimated to be distributed in water. However, in Level Ⅲ of which non-equilibrium and intermedia transfer could be occurred, the chemical is estimated to distributed to soil as 51.8% and water as 47.8% as of total amount.

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