• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1881-1891
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• 2022

Objective: The present study aimed to quantify the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on broiler chickens' performance by employing a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 16 studies were included in the database after being systematically selected using a PRISMA protocol. Hedges' g effect size was used to quantify pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effects models at 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Publication bias among studies was computed with Egger's test and visualized using funnel plots. Results: Results indicated that dietary FSBM inclusion increased final body weight (BW) (SMD = 0.586, 95% CI: 0.221 to 0.951, p = 0.002) of broiler chickens, particularly in starter period (SMD = 0.691, 95% CL: 0.149 to 1.233, p = 0.013) while in the finisher period, the effect was weaker (SMD = 0.509, 95% CI: 0.015 to 1.004, p = 0.043). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected with FSBM inclusion when compared to control. Subgroup analysis revealed that FI increased in starter period (SMD = 0.582, 95% CI: 0.037 to 1.128, p = 0.036). When considering types of microorganism as moderating variables in the subgroup analysis, we found that Aspergillus oryzae, mixed probiotics+bromelain protease, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus bacteria significantly increased ADG and FI (p<0.01). Additionally, either Bacillus subtilis+protease or Bacillus subtilis alone decreased FCR (p<0.001). However, meta-regression analysis showed that levels of FSBM inclusion had no effects on final BW (p = 0.502), ADG (p = 0.588), FI (p = 0.861), and FCR (p = 0.462). Conclusion: Substituting SBM in broiler chickens' diet with FSBM improved BW of broiler chickens, especially in the starter period whereas the effects on ADG, FI, and FCR were mostly dependent on microbial strains used for fermentation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 1999

구강내의 교정 장치는 미생물 전파에 있어서 다양한 장소를 제공한다. 치태는 치아 우식증 발생에 있어 매우 큰 역할을 하며 미생물, 비세포성 물질로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 생체외에서 교정용에서의 인공 치태 생성에 영향을 주는 요인을 평가하는 것이다. Streptococcus mutans type c는 $CO_2$ incubator내의 $37^{\circ}C$에서 brain heart infusion broth에서 배양 되었다. 중절치에 사용하는 9개의 $.018"{\times}.025"$ standard edgewise brackets을 3개씩 비이커의 배양액에 매달았다. 3개 비이커의 배양액 pH는 각 각 pH 5.5, 7.0 그리고 8.5로 조절되었다. 5시간 후에 비이커에서 각각의 bracket을 꺼내서, bracket의 평균 무게를 측정하였다. 배지의 stirring effect를 측정하기 위하여 3개씩 $.018"{\times}.025"$ standard edgewise brackets을 2개의 비이커에 위치시켰다. 12개의 brackets을 $CaCl_2$(0.25, 1.0, 4.0 그리고 16.0mM). KCl(2.5, 10, 40 그리고 160mM) 그리고 $MgCl_2$(0.1, 0.4, 1.6, 그리고 6.4mM) 용액에 각각 매달았다. 6개의 $.018"{\times}.025"$ standard edgewise brackets, 6개의 $.022"{\times}.028"$ Roth brackets과 6개의 $.022"{\times}.028"$ Broussard brackets을 각각의 비이커 내에 매달았다. 배양액 내에서 5시간 동안 배양한 후 각각의 brackets을 근사값의 milligram 단위로 측정하였다. 그룹 사이의 차이는 Mann-Whitney와 Kruskal-Wallis tests를 이용하여 비교하였다. p value<0.05의 조건에서 이들의 차이는 통계학적 유의성을 갖는다. 5시간 동안 pH 5.5에서 배양된 Streptococcus mutans에 의해 형성된 인공 치태는 pH 7.0 이나 pH 8.5에서 배양된 것보다 작았다(p<0.05). 인공 치태는 배양하는 동안 저어졌을 때 더 많이 형성되었다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 bracket에 형성된 인공 치태는 좀 더 높은 알칼리성 배지에서 배양됨으로써, 그리고 배양 동안 배지를 저어줌으로써 유의성있게 증가하였다. 그러나 배지의 $CaCl_2,\;KCl,\;MgCl_2$의 농도와 상업적으로 다른 종류의 이용 가능한 교정용 bracket에 대해서는 유의한 차이가 없었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2018

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been one of the most common parasitic diseases in Saudi Arabia. This study exhibits the clinical features, diagnosis, cytokine profile and treatment of CL patients in Al-Taif province. Ninety CL suspects at a tertiary care general hospital were enrolled in one-year study. Patients were interviewed, clinically-examined, and subjected to laboratory tests: skin scraping smear microscopy, OligoC-TesT commercial PCR (Coris BioConcept) and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) PCR for Leishmania diagnosis. Interferon-gamma (RayBio; Human $IFN-{\gamma}$ ) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients' sera were evaluated before treatment with sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) with 20-day intramuscular drug regimen. Positive rates of microscopy, commercial PCR and kDNA PCR were 74.4%, 95.5% and 100%, respectively. Patients came to hospital mostly in winter (45.0%). CL was frequently exhibited in Saudi patients (78.8%), male gender (70.7%), age <20 years (50.0%), rural-dwellers (75.5%) and patients with travel history (86.6%). Lesion was mostly single ulcer (93.3%), occurred in the face (67.7%). Upon pentostam treatment, 85.1% of ulcers showed rapid healing signs. Levels of $IFN-{\gamma}$ and NO were significantly higher in the healing than the non-healing cases (P<0.001). The kDNA PCR proved more sensitive than microscopy and OligoC-TesT commercial PCR. Our results open perspectives for $IFN-{\gamma}$ use as a biomarker predicting treatment response.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.2 s.271
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• pp.122-127
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• 2007

Background: Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common respiratory condition and has been postulated that it develops because of rupture of subpleural blebs. Although the morphology and ultrastructure of causative lesions are well known, the reason for rupture of sbupleural blebs is not absolutely clear. Broad consensus concerning the role of meteorological factors in spontaneous pneumothorax dose not exist. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of change of atmospheric pressure and temperature on the occurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax. Material and Method: One hundred twenty eight consecutive spontaneous pnemothorax events that occurred between January 2003 and December 2004 were selected. Changes of meteorological factors of particular days from the day before for 5 consecutive days were calculated and compared between the days with pneumothorax occurrence (SP days) and the days without pneumothorax occurrence (Non SP days). The correation between change of pressure and temperature and the occurrence of SP was evaluated. Result: SP occurred on 117 days (16.0%) in the 2-year period. Although there was no significant differences in change of pressure factors prior 4 days of SP occurrence compare to the 4 days prior Non SP day, change of mean pressure was higher (+0.934 vs. -0.191hPa, RR 1.042, Cl $1.003{\sim}1.082$, p=0.033), and change of maximum pressure fall was lower (3.280 vs. 4.791 hPa, RR 1.051, Cl $1.013{\sim}l.090$, p=0.009) on the 4 days prior SP day. There were significant differences in change of temperature factors prior 2 days and the day of SP, Changes of mean temperature (-0.576 vs.+$0.099^{\circ}C$, RR 0.886, 95% Cl $0.817{\sim}0.962$, p=0.004) and maximum temperature rise (7.231 vs. $8.079^{\circ}C$, RR 0.943 Cl $0.896{\sim}0.993$, p=0.027) were lower on the 2 days prior SP. But changes of mean temperature (0.533 vs. $-0.103^{\circ}C$, RR 1.141, Cl $1.038{\sim}l.255$, p=0.006) and maximum temperature rise (9.209 vs. $7.754^{\circ}C$, RR 1.123, Cl $1.061{\sim}1.190$, p=0.006) and maximum temperature rise (9.209 vs. $7.754^{\circ}C$ RR 1.123, Cl $1.061{\sim}l.190$, p=0.000) were higher on the SP days. Conclusion: Charge of atmospheric pressure and temperature seems to influence the chance of occurrence of SP. Meteorological phenomena that pressure rise 4 day prior to SP and following temperature fall and rise might explain the occurrence of SP. Further studies should be continued in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.218-218
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• 2012

Nanocrystalline $SnO_2$ colloids are synthesized by hydrolysis of $SnCl_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ in aqueous ammonia solution. The synthesized $SnO_2$ nanoparticles with ca. 15 nm in diameter are coated on a fluorinedoped thin oxide (FTO) conductive substrate and heated at $550^{\circ}C$. The annealed $SnO_2$ film is treated with aqueous $TiCl_4$ solution, which is sensitzied with MK-2 dye (2-cyano-3-[5'''-(9-ethyl- 9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3',3'',3''',4-tetra-n-hexyl-[2,2',5',2'',5'',2''']-quater thiophen-5-yl]). Compared to bare $SnO_2$ film, the conversion efficiency is significantly improved from 0.22% to 3.13% after surface treatment of $SnO_2$ with $TiCl_4$, which is mainly due to the large increases in both photocurrent density from 1.33 to $9.46mA/cm^2$ and voltage from 315 to 634 mV. It is noted that little change in the amount of the adsorbed dye is detected from 1.21 for the bare $SnO_2$ to $1.28{\mu}mol/cm^2$ for the $TiCl_{4-}$ treated $SnO_2$. This indicates that the photocurrent density increased by more than 6 times is not closely related to the dye loading concentration. From the photocurrent and voltage transient spectroscopic studies, electron life time increases by about 13 order of magnitude, whereas electron diffusion coefficient decreases by about 3.6 times after $TiCl_4$ treatment. Slow electron diffusion rate offers sufficient time for regeneration kinetics. As a result, charge collection efficiency of about 40% before $TiCl_4$ treatment is improved to 95% after $TiCl_4$ treatment. The large increase in voltage is due to the significant increase in electron life time, associated with upward shift of fermi energy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2000

In order to understand the chemical binding forms of Cd in terms of its binding strength in wood, the radial distribution of it through dendroanalysis and its different chemical fractions in trunk wood of mature red pine(Pinus densiflora L.) trees grown in a relatively unpolluted area, in Kangwon-Province, were examined. Total Cd concentration in stem wood was determined by dry digestion and $H_2O$ and 0.01 M solutions of citric acid, malic acid, $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$, $Na_2EDTA$ were used as extracting solutions for Cd. Extracting efficiencies of applied solutions were expressed as % of Cd concentration extracted by $Na_2EDTA$ which extracted all Cd instead of Cd total concentration. Total concentration of Cd decreased from the innermost rings near pith towards the the outermost rings near cambium. Especially through the transition zone this tendency was observed clearly. $H_2O$ was the least effective extractant of Cd, then extracting efficiency increased in the order $MgCl_2$ < $CaCl_2$ $Na_2EDTA$ (extracted all Cd). According to the radial position, extracting efficiency of Cd was ranging from 7 to 30% by $H_2O$ and even from 60 to 95% by citric acid. The Cd extracting efficiencies of $H_2O$ and organic acids increased continuously from the stem center to outermost annual rings, whereas salts showed somewhat different tendency, suddenly decreasing near the outermost ring. The results are discussed with regard to the different chemical binding forms of Cd and the mobility of Cd in wood and comparable with ones in previous studies on Pinus sylvestris and Quercus patraea. According to the results, usefulness of radial distribution pattern of Cd in pine tree trunks for retrosective biomonitoring is questioned.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.193-197
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• 2001

This study was carried out to recover gold, silver and other valuable metals from the printed circuit boards (PCB) of waste computers. PCB samples were crushed to under 1mm by a shredder and initially separated into 30% conducting and 70% non-conducting materials by an electrostatic separator. The conducting materials, which contained the valuable metals, were then used as the feed material for magnetic separation where it was found that 42% was magnetic and 58% non- magnetic. The non-magnetic materials contained 0.227mg/g Au and 0.697mg/g Ag. Further leaching of the non-magnetic component using 2.0M sulfuric acid and 0.2M hydrogen peroxide at 85$^{\circ}C$ extracted more than 95% copper, iron, zinc, nickel and aluminium. Au and Ag were not extracted in this solution, however, more than 95% of Au and 100% of Ag were selectively leached with a mixed solvent (0.2M ammonium thiosulfate, 0.02M copper sulfate, 0.4M ammonium hydroxide). Finally, the residues were reacted with a NaCl solution to leach out Pb while sulfuric acid was used to leach out Sn. Recoveries reached 95% and 98% in solution, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.208-215
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• 2010

EAF dust which is contained around 30% of zinc, 15% of iron and 3% of lead individually, is chemically treated by ammonium chloride, ammonia water, ammonia gas and carbon dioxide, and also tested and identified the ratios of the recovery of In by applied the variations of particle size, pH and heating temperature as well, in order to getting optimized recovery of the In metal after performing all of those processes. Experimental results showed that the rate of Zn recovery is 97% when the mixture of 1.3 of $NH_4Cl$/EAF is heated to the temperature of $400^{\circ}C$ and leached by water, and 95% recovery of In when ammonia gas and carbon dioxide is added simultaneously and adjust the 9.5 of pH to the same mixture above. For the purpose of remove the impurities in the mixed sample, which is prepared by the two samples, indicated above showing as the ratio of 95% and 97% recovery, in case of applied the cementation process to it, and also by electrolytic process, produced the In plate of 95~97%, and acquired 99-99.5% of In metal ingot finally by applied the heating process at $470{\sim}500^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the KSME C: Technology and Education
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2015

Functional nanochannels were fabricated in order to control selective ion transportation with high permeability and low energy consumption. In this research, nanochannel platform fabrication process and surface functionalization process were developed. In addition, selective ion transportation and concentration measurement system was also set-up. By using fabricated multilayer metal membrane with electrical bias, 95% of ion ($Cl^-$) was blocked. This developed process is new-conceptional membrane fabrication technology and is expected to be applied to next-generation water purification/desalination, portable artifical kidney, and artificial sense organ.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.344-347
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• 2007

The aerial parts of Lespedeza cuneata were collected, air-dried and extracted with 95% aqueous EtOH. Then it was successively partitioned with n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc and $H_2O$. Repeated Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography on the EtOAc- and $H_2O-soluble$ fractions gave four compounds. Their structures were elucidated as quercetin (1), kaempferol (2), desmodin (3) and homoadonivernith (4) on the basis of spectroscopic evidences such as $^{1}H-NMR$, $^{13}C-NMR$, 2D-NMR and MS spectrum. Desmodin (3) and homoadonivernith (4) have not been reported from this plant so far.