• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2018

Post-earthquake risk assessment technique in Korea is developed in 2013 by National Disaster Management Research Institute, at the same time, related manual and standard regulation is distributed to every local government by National Emergency Management Agency. The objectives of this research are to investigate and evaluate the post-earthquake risk assessment of 9.12 Earthquake (M5.8, Gyeongju City, 2016) and 11.15 Earthquake (M5.4, Pohang City, 2017). To suggest and improve the assessment process of post-earthquake risk, first post-earthquake risk assessment method of advanced foreign countries including US, New Zealand and Japan are compared, and post-earthquake evaluation activities in 9.12 Earthquake and 11.15 Earthquake are analyzed. From the results, it is needed to expand the adapted building and structure types and strengthen the earthquake disaster response capacity of local government.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제20권7_spc호
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• pp.561-567
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• 2016

After the Gyeong-ju 9.12 earthquake, we found the necessity of seismic design of nonstructural element is important to reduce damages in view of properties and economic losses. This study focused on the investigation of damages including both properties and human beings. It was found that most of the damages are leaking of water pipe line, rupture of glasses, spalling of roof finishing, cracks of building, and falling from roof. It was also found that the seismic design force of nonstructural elements is taking account into the natural periods, amplification factors, response modification factors to forsee inelastic behaviors. From this studies, it is recommended that more studies are necessary on the seismic design force of nonstructural element.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2018

In this paper, comparative analysis of the 9.12 Gyeongju and 11.15 Pohang earthquakes was conducted in order to provide probable explanations and reasons for the damage observed in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake from both earthquake and structural engineering perspectives. The damage potentials like Arias intensity, effective peak ground acceleration, etc observed in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake were generally weaker than those of the 9.12 Gyeongju earthquake. However, in contrast to the high-frequency dominant nature of the 9.12 Gyeongju earthquake records, the spectral power of PHA2 record observed in the soft soil site was highly concentrated around 2Hz. The base shear around 2 Hz frequency was as high as 40% building weight. This frequency band is very close to the fundamental frequency of the piloti-type buildings severely damaged in the northern part of Pohang. Unfortunately, in addition to inherent vertical irregularity, most of the damaged piloti-type buildings had plan irregularity as well and were non-seismic. All these contributed to the fatal damage. Inelastic dynamic analysis indicated that PHA2 record demands system ductility capacity of 3.5 for a structure with a fundamental period of 0.5 sec and yield base shear strength of 10% building weight. The system ductility level of 3.5 seems very difficult to be achievable in non-seismic brittle piloti-type buildings. The soil profile of the PHA2 site was inversely estimated based on deconvolution technique and trial-error procedure with utilizing available records measured at several rock sites during the 11.15 Pohang earthquake. The soil profile estimated was very typical of soil class D, implying significant soil amplification in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake. The 11.15 Pohang earthquake gave us the expensive lesson that near-collapse damage to irregular and brittle buildings is highly possible when soil is soft and epicenter is close, although the earthquake magnitude is just minor to moderate (M 5+).

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.467-475
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• 2018

최근 전 세계적으로 지진의 발생이 증가하고 있으며, 우리나라는 2016년 9월 12일 경주지역에서 지진 관측 시작 이후 가장 큰 리히터 규모 5.8의 지진이 발생하였다. 또한 이 지진발생 이후 2017년 1월~2017년 12월까지 약 200회가 넘는 여진이 발생하고 있다. 2017년 발생한 지진 중 가장 큰 규모의 지진은 2017년 11월 15일 포항 인근에서 발생한 5.4 규모의 지진이었다. 본 연구에서는 국내 상시관측소 데이터를 이용하여 지진으로 인한 좌표변동을 분석하고자 하였다. 2017년 11월 15일 발생한 포항지역 지진으로 인한 좌표변화 분석을 위해 이동측위 방법으로 자료처리를 수행하였으며, 2017년 1월~2017년 12월까지 국내 상시관측소 9개소의 관측자료를 상대측위 방법으로 처리하여 지진으로 인한 좌표변화를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 이동측위를 통해 지진으로 인한 순간적인 좌표변화량을 추정할 수 있었으며, 상대측위 결과로부터 국내 상시관측소의 좌표변화가 없음을 제시할 수 있었다. 2017년 경주지진 이후 계속해서 여진이 발생하고 있어 이 지역에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.91-96
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• 1992

내진구조는 건축규준에 의하여 강제성을 띤 이후 많은 발전을 하였으나 아직도 완전하게 이해되지는 않고 있다. 본 논문은 실제로 발생하였던 두 지진의 지반운동을 10층의 철골조에 적용시켜 얻은 결과를 비교하였다. 1989년 California의 Loma Prieta에서 발생한 규모 7.1의 지진기록 12세트와 1985년 Chile의 Valparaiso에서 발생한 규모 7.8의 지진기록 9세트를 UBC의 지진지역 2B에 알맞게 조절하였다. 비슷한 규모를 가진 두 지진의 지반변위를 건물에 직접 적용시켜서 비교한 결과 그 지속시간이 긴 Chile지진이 상대적으로 지속시간이 짧은 California지진보다 약 2배 정도 큰 영향을 건물에 미치는 것이 발견되었다. 내진구조의 설계에 있어서 최대지반운동과 더불어 지반운동의 지속시간도 매우 중요하게 고려되어야 할 사항이다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제20권7_spc호
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• pp.527-536
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• 2016

This paper investigates seismic damage potential of recent September 12 M5.8 Gyeongju earthquake from diverse earthquake engineering perspectives using the accelerograms recorded at three stations near the epicenter. In time domain, strong motion durations are evaluated based on the accelerograms and compared with statistical averages of the ground motions with similar magnitude, epicentral distance and soil conditions, while Fourier analysis using FFT is performed to identify damaging frequency contents contained in the earthquake. Effective peak ground accelerations are evaluated from the calculated response spectra and compared with apparent peak ground accelerations and the design spectrum in KBC 2016. All these results are used to consistently explain the reason why most of seismic damage in the earthquake was concentrated on low-rise stiff buildings but not quite significant. In order to comparatively appraise the damage potential, the constant ductility spectrum constructed from the Gyeongju earthquake is compared with that of the well-known 1940 El Centro earthquake. Deconvolution analysis by using one accelerogram speculated to be recorded at a stiff soil site is also performed to estimate the soil profile conforming to the response spectrum characteristics. Finally, response history analysis for 39- and 61-story tall buildings is performed as a case study to explain significant building vibration felt on the upper floors of some tall buildings in Busan area during the Gyeongju earthquake. Seismic design and retrofit implications of M5.8 Gyeongju earthquake are summarized for further research efforts and improvements of relevant practice.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2017

2016년 9월 12일 규모 5.8의 본진을 포함한 일련의 지진들이 경주에서 발생했다. 본진은 1905년 한반도에서 지진관측을 시작한 이래 반도 남부에서 발생한 최대의 지진으로서 양산단층이 명백한 활성단층임을 입증하였다. 콘래드 불연속면이 없는 단층의 한반도 지각 모델에 의한 경주지진들의 전진, 본진, 여진들의 평균깊이는 12.9 km로 콘래드 불연속면이 있는 2층 구조의 IASP91 모델에 의한 평균깊이보다 2.8 km 낮다. 경주지역에서 발생한 역사지진 및 계기지진들의 진앙분포는 주 단층인 양산단층과 부속 단층을 포함하는 양산단층계가 광범위한 파쇄대임을 시사한다. 규모 5.8의 경주지진에 수반한 지진들의 진앙분포는 양산단층계의 몇 단층들이 응력에너지의 방출에 관여하였음을 지시한다. 경주지진들의 주요 지진들이 지표가 아닌 10 km 이하에서 발생한 것은 양산단층계의 심부 활성단층들의 분포를 연구할 필요성을 제기한다. 경주지역의 지진자료에 근거하여 추정한 이 일대의 최대지진의 규모는 7.3이다. 한반도의 가장 완전한 1978년 이후의 지진자료를 이용하여 추정한 경주지역의 규모 5.0, 6.0, 7.0을 초과하는 지진들의 재현간격은 각기 80년, 670년, 그리고 5,900년이다. 2016년 9월 경주지진들은 본질적으로 판내부지진활동의 범주에 속하며 2011년 3월 11일 일본해구에서 발생한 판경계지진횔동인 동일본대지진과는 무관하다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.649-655
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• 2021

본 연구는 경주시를 대상으로 수행한 선행연구를 바탕으로 도출된 최적의 지진 취약성 평가 모델을 타 지역에 적용하여 그 성능을 교차 검증(cross-validation)하고자 한다. 테스트 지역은 2017 포항지진(Pohang Earthquake)이 발생한 포항시이며, 선행연구와 동일한 영향인자 및 피해현황 관련 데이터셋을 구축하였다. 검증 데이터 셋은 무작위로 추출해 구축하였으며, 경주시의 랜덤 포레스트(random forest, RF) 기반의 모델에 적용하여 예측 정확도를 도출하였다. 경주시의 모델(success) 및 예측(prediction) 정확도는 100%, 94.9%이며, 포항시 검증 데이터 셋을 적용해 예측 정확도를 확인한 결과 70.4%로 나타났다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.93-109
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• 2015

Based on the reconnaissance of buildings in Dujiangyan City during 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China, structural damage characteristics and the spatial distribution of structural damage are investigated, and the possible reasons for the extraordinary features are discussed with consideration of the influence of urban historical evolution and spatial variation of earthquake motions. Firstly, the urban plan and typical characteristics of structural seismic damage are briefly presented and summarized. Spatial distribution of structural damage is then comparatively analyzed by classifying all surveyed buildings in accordance with different construction age, considering the influence of seismic design code on urban buildings. Finally, the influences of evolution of seismic design code, topographic condition, local site and distance from fault rupture on spatial distribution of structural damage are comprehensively discussed. It is concluded that spatial variation of earthquake motions, resulting from topography, local site effect and fault rupture, are very important factor leading to the extraordinary spatial distribution of building damage except the evolution of seismic design codes. It is necessary that the spatial distribution of earthquake motions should be considered in seismic design of structures located in complicated topography area and near active faults.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.677-688
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to predict occurrence of earthquakes in Korea by measuring the concentration of radon radioactivity in the air and in the underground water. Two monitoring systems of radon concentration detection in the air were installed in Seoul, East Coast area, whereas of radon concentration in the underground water in Kyungju area during December, 1999 to June, 2001. The distribution of radon concentration in the air in Seoul is as follows Winter(10.10 $\pm$ 2.81 Bq/㎥), autumn(8.41 $\pm$ 1.35 Bq/㎥), summer(5.83 $\pm$ 0.05 Bq/㎥) and spring (5.34 $\pm$ 0.44 Bq/㎥), whereas the distribution of radon in the air in the East Coast area showed some difference as follows : autumn (14.08 $\pm$ 5.75 Bq/㎥), Summer (12.04 $\pm$ 0.53 Bq/㎥), Winter (12.02 $\pm$ 1.40 Bq/㎥) and spring (8.93 $\pm$ 0.91 Bq/㎥). In the meanwhile, the distribution of radon in the water is as follows : spring (123.59 $\pm$ 16.36count/10min), Winter (93.95 $\pm$ 79.69counter/10min), autumn (68.96 $\pm$ 37.53counter/10min) and spring (34.45 $\pm$ 9.69counter/10min). The daily range of the density of radon concentration in Seoul and East Coast area was between 5.51 Bq/㎥ - 9.44 Bq/㎥, 7.15 Bq/㎥ - 15.27 Bq/㎥, respectively. Correlation of the distributions of radon concentrations in the air and in underground water with earthquake showed considerable variations of radon concentration before the occurrence of the earthquake. The results suggested that radon radioactivity seemed to be helpful for the prediction of the occurrence of earthquake.