• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.81-88
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• 2021

Modern society is exposed to various types of crises. In particular, since the September 11 attacks, each country has been increasingly responsible for managing non-military crises. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to consider ways to utilize artificial intelligence(AI) for national crisis management in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. To this end, we analyzed the effectiveness of artificial intelligence(AI) operated and under research and development(R&D) to support human decision-making and examined the possibility of using artificial intelligence(AI) to national crisis management. As a result of the study, artificial intelligence(AI) provides objective judgment of the data-based situation and optimal countermeasures to policymakers, enabling them to make decisions in urgent crisis situations, indicating that it is efficient to use artificial intelligence(AI) for national crisis. These findings suggest the possibility of using artificial intelligence(AI) to respond quickly and efficiently to the national crisis.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.65-70
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• 2021

This study presents a method to efficiently advance the Republic of Korea's Unmanned Systems through the analysis of the development of the U.S. Unmanned System Policy. After the occurrence of the September 11 attacks, the U.S. developed Unmanned Systems as a part of RMA and became the leader in this area. The system went through numerous trials and errors during the development and acquisition. From these experiences, the U.S. had embodied Unmanned Systems acquisition methods by establishing Unmanned Systems Development Guidance and DoD Autonomy Community of Interest in 2012. In addition, as diverse unmanned programs started to proceed, it promoted Core Technology development sharing and simplification of functions of the Unmanned Systems to exclude budget-wasting elements such as duplication of programs. The Republic of Korea must politically build a collaborative system between industry/academia/research institute/military and apply evolutionary development strategies from the first step of the development of the Unmanned Systems the future Game Changer. In operations, concepts of the Manned/Unmanned Systems complex operation should be established and intelligent S/W, Open System, and Cyber Security technologies to materialize them developed.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.9-53
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• 2006

오늘날 항공기사고는 우리나라뿐만 아니라 세계도처에서 때때로 발생되고 있다. 특히 외국항공기의 돌연한 추락 또는 물건의 낙하로 인해 지상에 있는 제3자에게 손해를 입히는 경우가 간혹 발생되고 있다. 이와 같은 사건에 있어 가해자(항공기운항자)는 피해자(지상 제3자)에 대하여 불법행위책임을 부담하게 되는데 이 사건해결을 위하여 1952년 및 1978년의 개정로마조약 등이 있음으로 본 논문에서는 이들 조약의 성립경위 및 주요내용과 개정이유 등을 설명하였다. 현재 국제민간항공기관(ICAO)에서는 2001년도 미국의 9,11테러사건 이후 이와 같은 사건의 법적조치와 대응을 위하여 1952년 개정로마조약의 현대화에 관한 새로운 조약초안이 발표되었다. 본 논문에서는 이 새로운 조약초안의 현대화를 위한 ICAO의 활동과 이 조약 초안에 대한 주된 내용과 필자의 논평(견해)을 밝히었다. 한편 본 논문에서는 항공운송인의 책임에 관계된 국제조약과 세계 각국(미국, 영국, 독일, 프랑스, 러시아, 오스트레일리아, 중국 등)의 입법례 등을 참작한 후 우리나라의 현실에 적합한 항공운송법 시안에 관한 국내입법의 추진방향과 항공운송약관의 효력문제, 동법시안을 제정하여야만 되는 이유, 입법경위, 입법방안, "항공운송법 시안"의 주요항목 등 작성하여 제시하였다.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.24
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• pp.1-31
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• 2010

This article aims to identify organizational factors that influence the performance of implementation of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and to investigate the strength and direction of their effects. Explanatory variables include administrative resources, organizational culture, litigation cost, and the complexity of FOIA requests. The study will analyze quantitative secondary data from official statistics of federal agencies and the 2006 Federal Human Capital Survey as well as qualitative data from semi-structured interviews of FOIA officers. The results of statistical analyses are as follows : FOIA funding significantly affects median processing time and number of requests pending. There is a significant relationship between bureaucratic culture and number of requests pending, but not between bureaucratic culture and number of requests pending. There exists a significant relationship between the cost of FOIA litigation to federal agencies and the performance of FOIA implementation. There exists a significant relationship between the complexity of FOIA requests and the performance of FOIA implementation. This study also has important implication in South Korea, which has been under a sharp confrontation with North Korea for more than 50 years. As illustrated by the conflict between people's right to know and national security during the investigation of recent Sinking of the ROKS Cheonan, efforts should be made to prepare legal and institutional mechanism for freedom of information policy which can maintain a balance between conflicting values as well as efficient information disclosure in Korea.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.7
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• pp.95-124
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• 2004

It can be said that 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' in 2001 were not only the indiscriminate attacks on innocent people but also the whole - political, economical and military - attacks on human life. Also, 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' can be regarded as the significant events in the history of world, which were on the peak of the super-terrorism or new-terrorism that had emerged from the 1980s. However, if one would have analysed the developments of terrorism from the 1970s, they could have been foreknown without difficulty. The finding from this study can be summarized as the followings, First, in spite that the USA responsive system against terrorism had been assessed as perfect before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks', the fragilities were found in the aspects of the response on the new-terrorism or super-terrorism. The previous responsive system before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' had the following defects as the followings: (1) it was impossible to establish the integrated strategy, because the organizations related to the response against terrorism had not integrated; (2) there were some weakness to collect and diffuse the informations related to terrorism; (3) the security system for the domestic airline service in USA and the responsive system of air defense against terrors on aircraft were very fragile. For these reasons, USA government established the 'Department of Homeland Security' of which the President is the head so that the many organizations related to terrorism were integrated into a single management system. And, it legislated a new act to protect security from terrors, which legalized of the wiretapping in spite of the risk of encroachment upon personal rights, increased the jail terms upon terrorists, froze the bank related to terrorist organization, and could censor e-mails. Second, it seem that Korean responsive system against terrors more fragile than that of USA. One of the reasons is that people have some perception that Korea is a safe zone from terrors, because there were little attacks from international terrorists in Korea. This can be found from the fact that the legal arrangement against terrorism is only the President's instruction No. 47. Under this responsive system against terrorism dependent on only the President's instruction, it is expected that there would be a poor response against terrors due to the lack of unified and integrated responsive agency as like the case of USA before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks'. And, where there is no legal countermeasure, it is impossible to expect the binding force on the outside of administrative agencies and the performances to prevent and hinder the terrorist actions can not but be limited. That is to say, the current responsive system can not counteract effectively against the new-terrorism and super-terrorism. Third, although there were some changes in Korean government's policies against terrorism. there still are problems. One of the most important problems is that the new responsive system against terrorism in Korea, different from that of USA, is not a permanent agency but a meeting body that is organized by a commission. This commission is controled by the Prime Minister and the substantial tasks are under the National Intelligence Service. Under this configuration, there can be the lack of strong leadership and control. Additionally, because there is no statute to response against terrorism, it is impossible to prevent and counteract effectively against terrorism. The above summarized suggests that, because the contemporary super-terrorism or new-terrorism makes numerous casualties of unspecified persons and enormous nationwide damages, the thorough prevention against terrorism is the most important challenge, and that the full range of legal and institutional arrangements for the ex post counteraction should be established. In order to do so, it is necessary for the government to make legal and institutional arrangements such as the permanent agency for protection from terrorism in which the related departments cooperates with together and the development of efficient anti-terror programs, and to show its willingness and ability that it can counteract upon any type of domestic and foreign terrorism so that obtain the active supports and confidence from citizens.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.3-39
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• 2011

People may operate unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) thousands of miles from the drone's location. Drones were first used (like balloons) for surveillance. By 2001, the United States began arming drones with missiles and using them to strike targets during combat in Afghanistan. By mid-2010, over forty states and other entities possessed drones, many with the capability of launching missiles and dropping bombs. Each new development in military weapons technology invites assessment of the relevant international law. This Insight surveys the international law applicable to the recent innovation of weaponizing drones. In determining what international law rules govern drone use, the most salient feature is not the fact that drones are unmanned. The fact drones carry no human operator may be the most important new technological breakthrough, but the key feature for international law purposes is the type of weaponry drones carry. Whether law enforcement rules govern drone use depends on the situation and not necessarily who is operating the drone. Battlefield weapons may also be lawfully used before an armed conflict in the following situations: when initiating self-defense under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter; when authorized by the UN Security Council; when a government seeks to suppress internal armed conflict; and, perhaps, when a state is invited to assist a government in suppressing internal armed conflict. The rules governing resort to force in self-defense are found in Article 51 of the UN Charter and a number of decisions by international courts and tribunals. Commentators continue to debate whether drone technology represents the next revolution in military affairs. Regardless of the answer to that question, drones have not created a revolution in legal affairs. The current rules governing battlefield launch vehicles are adequate for regulating resort to drones. More research must be undertaken, however, to understand the psychological effects of deploying unmanned vehicles and the effects on drone operators of sustained, close visual contact with the aftermath of drone attacks.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.79-87
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• 2017

The U.S. security regulation is under the influence of each state's law; however, they are mostly similar. Among many states which has the longest history of security regulation in the U.S., state of New York has been shown security regulation for a long time. The state of New York has been emphasized the importance of security significantly because it is economically, culturally, and internationally important place at the same time. New York's state law of security business includes: 1. private investigators and bail enforcement agents and watch, guard or patrol agencies license law. 2. Security guard act of 1992~,3. Title 19 New York State's code of rules and regulation (NYCRR). The law of New York City's private security could inspire Korean private security law in many ways. First, administration of professional law and variety of licensure could be an inspiration to the Korean security services. Second, there are intimate partnership between police and private security in the U.S. New York police's private security partnership has been started since 1986 by Area Police/Private Security Liaison (APPL program) and there are about 1,300 of security companies participating. This program provides not only the simple partnership but also giving essential information for promoting public safety.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1-4
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• 2008

근년 일본, 캐나다, 호주, 미국, EU(주로 노르웨이, 영국) 등에서 인공위성을 이용한 해양 안전의 확보를 위한 연구개발이 진행되고 있으며, 일부 실해역 적용의 분야도 도출되고 있는 실정이다. 9.11테러 이후, 국제해사기구에서도 해상보안의 문제는 주요 이슈로 대두되어, 해상보안에의 활용 기술 개발이 먼저 시작되었다. 그 외, 밀입국 선박 감시 덴 해양오염 모니터링이 주요 활용분야이다. 간단하게 요약하면 다음과 같다. -노르웨이: Norwegian Defence Hesearch Establishment(NDRE)에서 주도적으로 선박 탐지 실험 및 기술 개발을 실시. 주로, ESA의 위성을 활용. 국가 보안의 목적으로는 적용을 하고 있음. -캐나다: 캐나다에서 소유하고 있는 RADARSAT을 이용하여 가장 많은 실험을 실시함. 영상을 처리하고 결과에 대한 평가를 수행하기 위한 시스템(Ocean Monitoring Workstation, OSM)을 개발하여 보급에 주력. -호주: 주로 캐나다의 위성 및 시스템의 적용을 하고 있음 영해 및 환경 감시의 역할을 수행. Coastwatch조직을 만들어 해상 감시활동을 하고 있음. -영국: 데이터 취득 후, 2.5시간 이내에 선박의 위치를 전송하는 인터페이스를 개발함. 일본의 경우, 다른 선진국에 비해서는 다소 늦게 시작되었다. 2003년 발간된 '재해 등에 대응한 인공위성이용기술에 관한 종합보고서'를 시작으로 정보수집위성 4기 및 지구관측위성을 이용한 해양 감시 활동이 시작되었다. 또한, 제 3기 과학기술기본계획(2006-2012)내에 해양 불법침입 탐지 기술 개발 항목이 반영되어 있다. 유럽의 해상보안서비스(MARISS)의 사용자 워크숍이 ESA ESRIN(이탈리아 프라스카티)에서 2008년 1월 22일 열렸다. 실질적인 내용은, '해상보안을 위한 우주 시스템'에 관한 것으로 인공위성 이용하는데 있어 설계안 및 데이터 이용 컨셉을 제시하는 것이었다. 여기서 중요한 것은 국가간의 협력이 절대적으로 필요하며, 기존의 시스템과의 통합에 있어 신뢰성을 어떻게 확보하는가에 있다고 할 수 있다. 또한, 보안과 환경모니터링의 기능이 분리되어 진행되고 있는 부분에 대한 정보 통합 방향도 제기되었다. 국내에서도 AIS와 SAR정보의 결합에 관한 검토는 이루어졌으며, 이를 바탕으로 EU와 같은 시스템의 구축(조직과 연구개발)을 위한 실질적인 검토가 필요하다.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.50
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• pp.175-206
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• 2017

The current study described the history of Islamic extremism and the recent expansion of international Islamic extremism in Indonesia. For doing so, both content analysis of the existing written documents and qualitative interviews were conducted. For the content analysis, media reports and research articles were collected and utilized. For qualitative interviews, Indonesian students and workers in Korea, Korean spouses married to Indonesian, and Korean missionaries in Indonesia were contacted and interviewed. Qualitative interview was conducted between 30 minutes and 2 hours. On the spot, interviews were recorded and later transcribed into written documents. Due to the difficulty of identification of population and the uneasiness of accessability to th study subjects, convenient sampling and snowball sampling were used. According to the results, Islamic extremism in Indonesia had a deep historical root and generally shared similar historical experience with other muslim countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia where Islamic extremism was deeply rooted in. That is, Islamic extremism began as a reaction to the western imperialism, after independence, Islamic extremism elements were marginalized in the process of construction of the modern nation-state, and Islamic extremist movement was radicalized and became violent during the Soviet-Afghan War. In addition, after 9.11, Islamic extremism in Indonesia was connected to international Islamic extremism network and integrated into such global movement. Such a historical development of Indonesian Islamic extremism was quite organized and robust. Meanwhile, the eastward infiltration and expansion of international Islamic extremism such as IS and Al Qaeda was observed in Indonesia. Particularly, such a worrisome expansion was more clearly visible in the marginalized and underdeveloped countrysides in Indonesia. Such expansion in Indonesia could negatively affect on the security of South Korea. Geographically, Indonesia is proximate to South Korea. This geographical proximity could be a direct security threat to the Korean society, as if Islamic extremism in North Africa and Middle East becomes a direct security threat to Europe. Considering the presence of a large size of Indonesian immigrant workers and communities in South Korea, such a concern is very realistic. The arrest of an Indonesian Islamic extremism supporter in November, 2016, could be a harbinger of the coming trend of Islamic extremism expansion inside South Korea. The Indonesian Islamic community in South Korea could be a passage of Indonesian Islamic extremism into the South Korean society. In this context, it is timely and necessary to pay an attention to the recent trend of Islamic extremism expansion in Indonesia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2010

Disasters have been diversifying and the scale of disaster has been increasing worldwide due to the global warming and urbanization. Consequently, it is essential to establish the systematic disaster management because the scale of damages has been rapidly increasing. Nowadays, the importance of the standardized disaster management have been realized internationally due to the 9.11 terror and Tsunami. Also, the activities of research and development to utilize and establish the disaster management standards have been increasing. This study mainly focused on generating an efficient operating manual to support the systematic disaster management of the central administration office based on disaster management standard in South Korea. Firstly, the activities and status of disaster management performed by the central administration office were investigated. Accordingly, libraries of work, functions, organizations, references and behavior for disaster management were designed. Then, a method to make the efficient operation manual based on the constructed libraries was presented to maximize the efficiency of disaster management. This emergency operation manual could support the systematic disaster management by defining the work, function, references and the codes of conduct. Thus, central administration office would be able to define methods and procedures from preparation to recovery through the utilization of the operation manual.